Microlab sas 17

Pertussis/whooping cough

Pertussis/whooping cough

an infectious disease characterized by repeated attacks of spasmodic coughing w/c consists of a series of explosive expirations

Bordetella pertussis

causative agent of pertussis

7 to 14 days

incubation period of pertussis

• infants are highly susceptible

  • one attack confers lifetime immunity

Incidence of whooping cough

Catarrhal stage

• characterized by non specific symptomatology where there is mucoid rhinorrhea, sneezing, acrimation, and dry bronchial cough

  • most communicable stage

Paoxysmal stage

• occurs on the 7th to the 14th day

• cough becomes spasmodic and recurrent

• face becomes cyanotic

• involuntary urination, lethargy and exhaustion

Convalescent stage

• marked by gradual decrease in the paroxysms of coughing, both in frequency and severity

• at this stage vomiting ceases

Bronchopneumonia

the most dangerous complication -

• nasopharyngeal swab

• sputum culture

• CBC indicates leukocytosis

Diagnostic tests of pertussis

erythromycin and ampicillin

antibiotic for pertussis

tetanus/lockjaw

of onset

Clostridium tetani

causative agent of tetanus

clostridium tetani

produces a potent exotoxin with prominent systemic neuromuscuar effects such as generalized spasmodic contractions of the skeletal msuculature

tetanospasmin

responsible for muscle spasms

tetanolysin

responsible for the destruction of RBCs

trismus

neck and facial muscle rigidity ri

risus sardonicus

grinning expression

opisthotonos

spasm of the muscles causing backward arching of the head, neck, and spine

• Anti tetanus serum

• tetanus anti toxin

• tetanus immunoglobulin

within 72 hours of post exposure (treatment of tetnus)

pneumonia

an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms. including bacteria, mycobacteria. fungi and viruses

• streptococcus pneumoniae

• staphylococcus aureus

• haemophilus influenza

• klebsiella pneumoniae

causative agent of pneumonia

one to three days

incubation period of pneumonia

community acquired pneumonia

• occurs either in the community setting or within the first 48 hours after the hospitalization

• causative agent: S. pneumoniae (most common), H. influenza, lagionella, and pseudomonas aeruginosa

Hospital acquired pneumonia

also called nosocomial pneumonia and is defined as the onset of pneumonia symtoms more than 48 hours after admission

aspiration pneumonia

• refers to the pulmonary consequences resulting from entry of endogenous or exogenous substances into the lower airway

• common pathogens: S. pneumonia, H influenza, S. aureus

Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host

• commonly develop pneumonia from organisms of low virulence

• organisms also observe in HAP and CAP

Bronchopneumonia *Lobular or catarrhal pneumonia

• most common type of pneumonia

  • onset of this type of pneumonia is slow and fever is lower

Lobular pneumonia (croupos pneumonia)

• this is a consolidation of the entire lobe

Primary atypical pneumonia (Viral pneumonia)

• consolidation of the lungs that comes in patches

  • with greenish to hitish secretions often expelled by coughing

Primary pneumonia

produced as a direct result of inhalatio or aspiration of pathogens

Secondary pneumonia

develops as a complication of the disease

pneumococcal vaccine

this vaccine can prevent pneumonia in healthy patients with an efficiency of 65% to 85%

staff education

to help prevent HAP

shock and respiratory failure

these complications are encountered chiefly in patients who have received no specific treatment and inadequate or delayed treatment

• uncomplicated

• complicated

• empyema

Stages of pleural effusion

chest physiotherapy

important because it loosens and mobilize secretions

arterial hypoxemia

mixing of oxygenated and poorly oxygenated blood

• chest x-ray

• sputum analysis, smear, and culture

• blood and serologic exam

diagnostic test of pneumonia

PEN G

Drug of choice of pneumonia

Humidified oxygen

therapy for hypoxia

mechanical ventilator

for respiratory failure

Stage of lung engorgement

• this stage occurs within 24 hours of infection

• the lung is heavy and dark red

  • the lung pits exude a bubbly, blood-tinged froth when a finger is used to apply pressure

Red hepatization

• two to three days of infection

• this stage get its name from the fact that the lung resembles the consistency of the liver

• the lung is stillheavy and sinks in water

• lung looks like a piece of granite

gray hepatization

• the lung is grayish-brown to yellow in color due to fibrinopurulent exudates disentegration of RBCs, and hemosiderin

• it is softer and tears more easily

stage of resolution

• this stage is characterized by reabsorption and restoration of the pulmonary architecture

• the inflammatory exudates is either absorbed by the bloodstream or expectorated

Poliomyelitis / infantile paralysis / heine-medin disease

is an acute infectious disease characterized by changes in the CNS which may result in pathologic reflexes, muscle spasms, and paresis or paralysis

legio debilitans

causative agents of poliomyelitis

7-21 days

incubation period of poliomyelitis

• the abortive

• non paralytic

• paralytic

types of poliomyelitis

the abortive

• does not invade the CNS

• occasional vomiting

• recovers within 72 hours

Non paralytic

• spasms of hamstring muscles

• pain in the neck,back arms, legs and abdomen

  • (+) Pandy’s test

(+) Pandy’s test

CSF test to detect elevated levels of protein

Paralytic

• signs of abortive, non paralytic are observed

• paralysis occurs

• less tendon reflexes

• (+) Hoyne sign

• (+) kernigs and brdzinskis tests

• isolation of the virus from throat swabs

• stool culture

• CSF analysis

diagnostic procedures of poliomyelitis

• analgesic

• moist heat application

• bed rest

• paralytic polio

treatment for poliomyelitis

Rabies/hydrophobia/lyssa

an acute viral infection communicated to man through saliva of infected animal

rhabdovirus

etiologic agent of rabies

prodromal (invasion) phase

characterized by fever, anorexia, sore throat, copious salivation, lacrimation

• sensitivity to light, sound, and temp

• anesthesia, numbness

excitement (neurological phase)

• characterized by marked excitation and apprehension terror may occur

• delirium associated with nuchal rigidity

• profuse drooling

terminal/paralytic phase

• the patient become quiet and unconsious

• loss of bowel and urinary control

• spasms cease and there is progressive paralysis

• virus isolation

• FRA

• Presence of Negri bodies in the dogs brain

diagnostic test

Flourescent rabies antibody

most definitive diagnosis

Red tide

caused by a “population explosion” of toxic, naturally occurring microscopic phytoplankton, dinoflagellates

• warm surface temp

• high nutrient content

• low slinity and calm seas

• raindy days followed by sunny weather

environmental conditions that promote explosive growth of microorganisms

• paralytic shellfish poisoning

• diarrheal shellfish poisoning

• amnestic shellfish poisoning

• neurologic poisoning

4 syndromes of shellfish poisoning

paralytic shellfish poisning

caused by saxotoxin, which is produced by alexandrium catanella

Scabies

the adult itch mites burrow into the superficial layer of the skin and lay two to three eggs daily for up to 2 months

3-4 days

eggs hatch in _______ clinical symptoms are related to a sensitivity reaction as larvae

sarcoptes scabiei

causative agent of scabies

24 hrs

incubation period of scabies

• Lindane (kwell)

• crotamiton (eurax)

• permethrin (elimite)

(3) applied thinly to entire skin from the neck down LEFT ON FOR 2 - 24 HRS

schistosomiasis

a chronic wasting disease commonly affecting dfarmers and their families.

schistosoma parasitic worm

etiologic agent of schistosomiasis

schistosoma japonicum

• infects the intestinal tract

• also known as oriental schistosomiasis

  • endemic in the PH

schistosoma mansoni

commin in africa

schistosoma haematobium

• affects the urinary tract

  • found in the middle east, like iraq and iran

• ingestion of contaminated water

• can be trnsmitted through skin pores

• vector: oncomelania quadrasi

mode of transmission: of schistosomiasis

pruritic rash

known as swimmers itch, develops at the side of penetration

cerebral schistosomiasis

results when the eggs and parasites across the blood brain barrier and they reach the venous side of the cerebral circulation

circumoval precipitin test (COPT)

confirmatory diagnostic test of schistosomiasis

• praziquantel tablet for 6 MONTHS

  • faudin injection

treatment of schistosomiasis

• fecalysis

• kato katx technique

• liver and rectal biopsy

• ELISA

• COPT

Diagnostic procedures of schistosomiasis