Post War

• Nationalism Movements

  • Pan-Africanism

  • India

  • Australia, Canada, and New Zealand

  • Middle East - Mandate System

• Revolutions

  • Mexico

  • China

• Democratic Nations Weakened

  • United States, Britain, France - exhausted from WW1, experience a great depression in 1930s

  • U.S. - becomes isolationist

• Rise of Authoritarian Government (dictatorship

  • Communism - Russia, China

  • Fascism - Italy, Germany

  • Military Dictatorship - Japan

• France

  • Experiences economic boom

    • War reparations from Germany

      • Money stops coming in when Hitler rises to power

        • World trade slows

        • Overproduction of goods

        • Unemployment goes up→inflation goes up ↔ great depression

  • France gets Alsace-Lorraine back, turns into huge industrial region (mainly coal)

  • New political party in France = Populist Party (Communism + socialist parties led by Leon Blum)

    • Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action - Backed by fascists of Germany

      • Secret organization of anarchists and revolutionaries in France during the late 19th century

      • Aimed to overthrow the French government and establish a new social order through violent actions such as bombings and assassinations

  • Locarno Pact - France signs military agreement with Germany, Poland, Belgium; vowed to protect Czechoslovakia and keep peace

    • Germany joins League of Nations

    • France sense of security

  • France signs Treaty of Neutral Assistance with Soviet Russia

    • If something happens to you, we will protect you and vice-versa

    • However, Germany sees this as a stab in the back and Locarno Pact becomes void→French start preparing for German attack and Maginot Line

      • Maginot Line - fortification that spread along the French/German border but became a military liability when the Germans attacked France in 1940

      • Germany simply walked around the Maginot Line

      • Stitzkrieg - Troops waited 8 months for an attack that never happened

• British Empire starts to dissolve

  • By 1920s - British Empire begun to shrink

    • White Dominions became independent, ties to England in name only

    • Irish Republican Army launched Easter Uprising (1916) and declared independence from England

  • Nationalist movements sprung up across Africa, Middle-East, India

    • Pan-Africanism + Negritude Movement - Pushed for pride in African Heritage & unity towards independence

    • Fights against Mandate System saw rise in Pan-Arabism

      • Anti-western movement for independence

      • Arab lands promised to Arabs & Jews, taken by British

        • McMahon Correspondence - British promised Arab state in area of Palestine for revolt against Ottoman EmpireWhite Papers of 1939 - Palestine to be an Arab state, Jewish citizens must be protectedBalfour Declaration - British Promised Palestine to Jewish ZIonists

  • Mohandas Gandhi began pushing for greater equality for Indians in South Africa and against harsh laws in India

    • Self-Rule Movement fully began in 1916

• 1920s saw expansion of suffrage in England

  • Representation of People Act - Gave universal male suffrage at age of 21 (removed property qualifications for voting as wellEqual Franchise Act of 1928 - Gave women’s suffrage to women over 21

• George V died in 1936 and British Monarchy became turbulent, King Edward comes to power and is abdicated after 325 days→George VI takes throne

  • Labour Party - Great Depression brought rise of Socialist party in ParliamentThe Munich Government - Neville Chamberlain negotiates with Hitler to prevent war from happening

International Agreements for US

• Washington Naval Conference - 3 treaties aimed at the pacific (Goal was to reduce Naval Warship)

• Kellogg-Briand Pact - 15 counties said war isn’t instrument of national policy (they won’t use war to fix problems)

  • Never considered if war actually happened

• Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) - Banned sale and transportation of war material to belligerents

• US saw Germany struggling to make payments

  • Dawes Plan (1924) - Prevent future incidents to repay their loans

    • US loaned Germany money to pay Britain & France so they could repay loans

    • US loaned Germany money to pay for reparations so Britain and France could repay loans

• US began restriction immigration

  • Immigration Act of 1924 - Barred entry to only those who were eligible for citizenship, Asians not eligible due to earlier laws

International Struggles for US

• US saw expansion of US industry & politics in 1920s

  • Rapid consumer spending + buying on credit

• Harlem Renaissance - celebration of African American culture

• 18th Amendment - Prohibited production, transportation, of sale of alcohol in US (1919-1933)

• 1929 stock market crash signaled start of Great Depression

  • Massive unemployment in US

  • President Franklin Roosevelt tried to fix the economic crisis with his New Deal

    • Provided Public Works to get people employed

    • Won’t be until US gets involved in WWII and it is fixed

Success & Failures of the League of Nations

• Founded in 1920, first worldwide intergovernmental organization with the mission of maintaining world peace

  • Started with 42 nations, reached 58 nations at its height

  • USSR joined 1936, kicked out in 1939 for invading Finland

  • Central and South American nations joined, left by 1930s

  • Germany, Japan, Italy quit when Sanctions applied

Germany and Hitler’s invasion of Poland sparked start of WW2

Japan Upset After WW1

• Washington Naval Conference (1922)

  • Limit size of Navy

  • Eliminates imperialism of CHina

• Racial injustice

  • Immigration

• Growing tension between U.S. & Japan

• Treaty of Versailles

  • Wanted German islands in Pacific

• Earthquake in 1923

  • 100,000 killed + crushed economy

• Constitutional Monarchy - emperor as “figurehead”

  • Parliament - Diet

  • Hirohito

• Zaibatsu - rich military families that wanted to continue imperializing

• 1931 - invasion of Manchuria

  • Goes against Washington Naval Conference which says that there is no more imperialization of China

  • Assert dominance

• Hideki Tojo - military dictator

  • 2nd Sino-Japanese war

    • Rape of Nanjing

    • Japan successfully captures Nanjing

• Tojo elected as Prime Minister of Japan

  • Responsible for bombing of Pearl Harbor

Totalitarianism

• Totalitarian State - Any government in which one party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens lives

  • Leader complete control over political, economic, social lives of citizens

Rise of Fascism: Spain

• After WW1→Industrial class + military wanted to remove corrupt government - unsuccessful

  • By 1931 - Second Spanish Republic started by leftist socialists & liberals

    • Monarch and King Alfonso XIII fled country

• Francisco Franco

  • Conservative general led 1936 revolt which turns into civil war

  • Nationalists (fascists), Right Wing, Hitler, Mussolini vs. Republicans

• Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

  • Dress rehearsal for WWII, German air raid of Guernica

    • German air raid showed Hitler’s power of modern warfare with bombing

    • 1939 - Franco wins + sets off fascist dictatorship

      • Spain eventually sits out of WWII

Beginning of WWII

• Western Democracy on decline | Fascism/communism on the rise

• Appeasement - giving in

  • West gave into Hitler/Mussolini demands

• Liebestraum - territory which Hitler thinks he needs to create a powerful nation

  • Hitler breaks Treaty of Versailles and militarizes the Rhineland

    • West does nothing

  • Enchleusse - joins Austria with Germany

    • West does nothing

  • Hitler wants Czechoslovakia→West does nothing

    • Neville Chamberlain (Britain prime minister) wants Hitler at Munich Conference

      • Chamberlain gives a sliver of Czechoslovakia to Hitler called to Sudetenland

West Stays Out

• Appeasement/Pacifism

  • France - Popular Front = socialists + communist + anarchist + republicansBritain - No war, Treaty of Versailles unfairUnited States - Neutrality Act

    • Can’t send arms to any nation

  • 1939 - Nazi-Soveit Non-Pyganoism Pact

    • Hitler avoids 2 front war

    • Stalin has time to mobilize

Start of WWII

• September 1, 1939 - Hitler begins invasion of Poland→Start of WWII and Hitler & Stalin divide Poland

  • Hitler uses blitzkrieg in attacks on other tanks→ quick attacks with use of tanks and luftwaffe (German air force)

  • GB & France declare war on Germany

• Hitler invades France in 1940 after 8 months of France

  • Maginot Line - defensive network built to protect French eastern border from invasions

• Germany follows invasion by creating occupation zones in France

  • Northern France demobilized, Southern France becomes puppet state controlled by Germans known as Vichy France

• France falls→Britain stands alone in Europe, Hitler begins attacking British cities with luftwaffe

• Hitler begins Operation Sea Lion (planned takeover of Britain)

  • Battle of Britain begins in 1940, including the London Blitz (50 nights of constant bombing on London)

• Despite failure in GB, Hitler has control of most of continental Europe and next focused on North Africa

  • Erwin Rommel plans to seize Suez Canal and cut off British control→ defending North Africa vital to allies

• Summer 1941, Hitler initiates next phase of conquest into Soviet Union through Operation Barbarossa to taken control of USSR’s natural resources + destroy communism

  • With this invasion, pact between Hitler & Stalin ends

    • Stalin is still greatly unprepared for war and lacked military leadership from Great Purge

  • Instead of going straight to Moscow, Hitler focuses on natural resources in Ukraine→winter begins and Stalin has time to reinforce his troops

    • Through use of scorched earth policy, Soviets withstand long battles

    • German lack resources to survive winters

    • By 1942, Hitler fails to conquer Moscow, Stalingrad, Or leningrad in Soviet Union

• Hitler used invasion of Eastern Europe to increase his Final Solution

  • Hitler took resources from battlefront to aid transportation of imprisonment of Jews, communists, other victims

• Soviets begin pressuring GB & US to invade Western Europe and relieve pressure

United States

• Neutral (1935)

• Land-Lease (1948)

  • Military and

  • No aid to Japan

    • Precursor to Pearl Harbor (Coral Sea Midway in 1492-1943)

• U.S. enters War

• Nationalism

  • Total war (mass production, war propaganda, recruitment, gender roles

Tehran Conference (1943- Iran) - Stalin, FDR, Winston

• Europe 1st - then Pacific

• Stalin wants US & GB to invade on Western Front

• Need time to mobilize (trust issues involved)

• D-Day - France is liberated

• Germans gaining to launch final offensive - Battle of the Bulge through Ardennes Forest & take France again

  • Allies launch Battle for Berlin & Nazi Germany surrenders on May 7th, 1945 (V-E Day)

Yalta Conference (1945) - Ukraine

• Soviet Union says “we need 3 months following Germany’s surrender”

  • Time to mobilize along with trust issues

  • Germany split into 4 different zones

    • US/GB/France/Soviet

    • Self-determination in Eastern Europe

WWII: Pacific

• Most of the war in the Pacific was fought between Japan and the U.S.

  • U.S. used “Island Hopping” campaign to take over Pacific Island by Island

• Japanese spent most of early 1940’s quickly expanded in the Pacific

  • Japan planned to capture Midway as a base to launch another attack on Pearl Harbor

    • Battle of Midway in 1942

• August 1942, first major offensive led by U.S. against Japanese in Battle of Guadalcanal

  • Goal to break supply + communication routes for Japanese

• March 1945, US won Battle of Iwo Jima, providing Us airfields to launch aerial attacks on Japanese main islands

• April 1945, the Battle of Okinawa successful amphibious assault led by US firebombing and kamikaze attacks by Japan

WWII: Europe

• All of Western Europe liberated by March of 1945 all the way to German border

  • Germans launched final offensive and surprise attack in Battle of the Bulge (January 1945) in Ardennes Forest

• The Big Three (FDR, Winston Churchill, Stalin) met for final time at Yalta Conference (February 1945)

  • Soviets enter war in Pacific 3 months after German surrender

  • Germany & Berlin divided into 4 zones controlled by Soviet Union, GB, US, France

  • Self determination for occupied regions especially eastern Europe

• Soviet Union achieve final victory over Germans with success of Battle for Berlin (April 1945)

  • Russia had greater army

• By April, many of major leaders of WW1 dead→Mussolini executed, Hitler suicide, FDR stroke

• By May 7, Germany surrenders and VE Day is announced

WWII

• Allies met for final time at Potsdam Conference in July 1945→Stalin, Truman (FDR death), Atlee (Churchill replaced)

  • Nuremberg Trials for war crimes by Nazi leaders

  • US gave Japan ultimatum to surrender or “meet prompt & utter destruction”

  • Stalin begins breaking from GB & Us to promote spread of communism

  • US responds with idea of containment to halt spread of communism

    • Inform Stalin of atom bomb

• Japanese refused to surrender, US pushed forward with their plans to invade homelands

  • First nuclear test completed in Los Alamos in July 1945→Trinity Test of the Manhattan Project

  • Seen as option to not have to invade

  • On August 6, 1945 US dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima

  • August 9, 1945 US dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki

• By August 15th, the Japanese surrendered→VJ Day & End of WWII