[BOTANY] LONG EXAM 1 REVIEWER

Botany

The scientific study of plants.

Eukaryotic

Organisms with cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Multicellular

Made up of multiple cells.

Photosynthetic

The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

Thallophytes

Plants that lack embryos.

Plant anatomy

The study of the internal structure of plants.

Plant cytology

The study of plant cells and their components.

Plant molecular biology

The study of plant processes at the molecular level.

Plant physiology

The study of plant functions and processes.

Phycology

The study of algae.

Bryology

The study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Pteridology

The study of ferns and related plants.

Mycology

The study of fungi and their biology.

Plant ecology

The study of the interrelationships among plants and between plants and their environment.

Plant genetics

The study of plant heredity and variation.

Plant Paleontology

The study of the biology and evolution of plants in the geologic past.

Plant Geography

The study of the geographical distribution of plants.

Plant Taxonomy/Systematics

The study of plant classification, identification, description, and nomenclature.

Palynology

The study of living and fossil spores and pollen grains.

Ethnobotany

The study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their uses.

Forestry

The study of forest conservation and forest products.

Agronomy

The study of field crops and soils.

Horticulture

The science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants.

Economic Botany

The study of plants with commercial importance.

Pharmacognosy

The study of medicinal substances obtained from plants.

Forensic botany

The application of plant science in legal investigations.

Pharmaceutical botany

The study of plants with medicinal properties.

Medical botany

The study of plants in relation to human health.

Plant conservation

Efforts to protect and preserve plant species.

Restoration ecology

The rehabilitation of ecosystems to their natural state.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to scientific inquiry.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

Experiment

A controlled procedure carried out to test a hypothesis.

Data

Information collected during an experiment.

Conclusion

A judgment or decision reached based on the analysis of data.

Plant Blindness

A cognitive bias characterized by the tendency to ignore and consider plants as an inferior form of living things.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Chemical elements

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Compound

A substance made up of two or more different elements.

Elements of Life

The essential elements required for life.

Trace elements

Elements present in small amounts in living organisms.

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen bonds.

Inorganic compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Water

A polar molecule that is the universal solvent and supports all life.

Carbon bonding pattern

Carbon can form four bonds and can form long chains and rings.

Functional group

A special cluster of atoms that perform a specific function in organic molecules.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used for energy production, storage, and structure.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose.

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked together, such as sucrose and lactose.

Polysaccharides

Many sugars linked together, such as starch and cellulose.

Lipids

Fatty acids that are non-polar and used for energy storage, cell membranes, waterproofing, and hormone production.

Proteins

Amino acids that are used for various functions in the body, such as structure, enzymes, and signaling.

Nucleic acids

Nucleotides that are involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information.

Characteristics of Living Things

Organization and exchange of energy with the environment.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Environment Interaction

The ability of plants to respond to stimuli in their environment.

Growth

The process by which plants undergo an increase in size and development.

Reproduction

The formation of new individuals in plants through sexual or asexual reproduction.

Heredity

The transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms.

Evolution

The process by which plants and other organisms adapt and change over time to survive in changing environments.

The Discovery of Cell

The timeline of important discoveries related to the study of cells.

Cell Theory

The theory that states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and all cells come only from other cells.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

Cell structure

The common characteristics shared by all cells, including genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribosomes.

Cell Wall

The rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides support and protection.

Plastids

Organelles found in plant cells that are involved in various functions such as storage, synthesis, and pigment production.

Large Central Vacuole

A large fluid-filled organelle found in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.

Plasmodesmata

Small channels in the cell wall that allow materials to pass between plant cells.

Pits

Smaller holes in the cell wall of plant cells.

Cell Membrane

The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds and protects the cell.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The model that describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with proteins embedded in it.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles.

Leucoplasts

Non-pigmented plastids found in plant organs associated with long-term storage.

Chromoplast

Plastids found in flowers and fruits that contain pigments responsible for coloration.

Chloroplast

Plastids responsible for photosynthesis and containing green pigments.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

The movement of cytoplasm within a cell.

Vacuole

A storage organelle in plant cells that contains water, salts, and various compounds.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell and controls cellular activities.

Endomembrane System

A network of membranes within the cell involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids.

Functions

Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Ribosomes

No membrane, technically not an organelle, site of protein synthesis in the cell, composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins, found within the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Found in all eukaryotic cells, bounded by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix, inner membrane (cristae) house protein complexes that produce ATP

Microbodies

Single-membrane vesicles containing enzymes

Peroxisomes

Contain oxidase that catalyzes H202 production, produce catalase that breaks down H202, found in leaves

Glyoxysomes

With enzymes for converting fats to carbohydrates, found in germinating oil-bearing seeds and seedlings, rarely found in animal cells

Lysosomes

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules, work best in acidic environment, made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi apparatus

Cytoskeleton

Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape and enhance exchange of materials among organelles and cells

Cyclosis

Circular streaming movement of organelles and particles around central vacuole, guided by actin filaments and microtubules of the cytoskeleton

Flagella

Involved in cell movement, with a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules, occur only in sperm cells of lower vascular and nonvascular plants

Plasma Membrane

Composed of lipids and proteins, phospholipid bilayer, various models proposed for its structure

Diffusion

Net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration until evenly distributed

Facilitated Diffusion

Net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration with the aid of channel or carrier proteins

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Tonicity

Total solute concentration of the solution outside the cell

Flaccid (Isotonic)

External environment has the same solute concentration as the cell's internal environment

Plasmolyzed (Hypertonic)

External environment has a higher solute concentration, causing the cell to shrink