Studied by 35 people
Botany
The scientific study of plants.
Eukaryotic
Organisms with cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Multicellular
Made up of multiple cells.
Photosynthetic
The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.
Thallophytes
Plants that lack embryos.
Plant anatomy
The study of the internal structure of plants.
Plant cytology
The study of plant cells and their components.
Plant molecular biology
The study of plant processes at the molecular level.
Plant physiology
The study of plant functions and processes.
Phycology
The study of algae.
Bryology
The study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Pteridology
The study of ferns and related plants.
Mycology
The study of fungi and their biology.
Plant ecology
The study of the interrelationships among plants and between plants and their environment.
Plant genetics
The study of plant heredity and variation.
Plant Paleontology
The study of the biology and evolution of plants in the geologic past.
Plant Geography
The study of the geographical distribution of plants.
Plant Taxonomy/Systematics
The study of plant classification, identification, description, and nomenclature.
Palynology
The study of living and fossil spores and pollen grains.
Ethnobotany
The study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their uses.
Forestry
The study of forest conservation and forest products.
Agronomy
The study of field crops and soils.
Horticulture
The science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants.
Economic Botany
The study of plants with commercial importance.
Pharmacognosy
The study of medicinal substances obtained from plants.
Forensic botany
The application of plant science in legal investigations.
Pharmaceutical botany
The study of plants with medicinal properties.
Medical botany
The study of plants in relation to human health.
Plant conservation
Efforts to protect and preserve plant species.
Restoration ecology
The rehabilitation of ecosystems to their natural state.
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to scientific inquiry.
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
Experiment
A controlled procedure carried out to test a hypothesis.
Data
Information collected during an experiment.
Conclusion
A judgment or decision reached based on the analysis of data.
Plant Blindness
A cognitive bias characterized by the tendency to ignore and consider plants as an inferior form of living things.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Chemical elements
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Compound
A substance made up of two or more different elements.
Elements of Life
The essential elements required for life.
Trace elements
Elements present in small amounts in living organisms.
Organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen bonds.
Inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Water
A polar molecule that is the universal solvent and supports all life.
Carbon bonding pattern
Carbon can form four bonds and can form long chains and rings.
Functional group
A special cluster of atoms that perform a specific function in organic molecules.
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used for energy production, storage, and structure.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides linked together, such as sucrose and lactose.
Polysaccharides
Many sugars linked together, such as starch and cellulose.
Lipids
Fatty acids that are non-polar and used for energy storage, cell membranes, waterproofing, and hormone production.
Proteins
Amino acids that are used for various functions in the body, such as structure, enzymes, and signaling.
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides that are involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information.
Characteristics of Living Things
Organization and exchange of energy with the environment.
Cellular Respiration
The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Environment Interaction
The ability of plants to respond to stimuli in their environment.
Growth
The process by which plants undergo an increase in size and development.
Reproduction
The formation of new individuals in plants through sexual or asexual reproduction.
Heredity
The transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next in plants and other organisms.
Evolution
The process by which plants and other organisms adapt and change over time to survive in changing environments.
The Discovery of Cell
The timeline of important discoveries related to the study of cells.
Cell Theory
The theory that states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and all cells come only from other cells.
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Cell structure
The common characteristics shared by all cells, including genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribosomes.
Cell Wall
The rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides support and protection.
Plastids
Organelles found in plant cells that are involved in various functions such as storage, synthesis, and pigment production.
Large Central Vacuole
A large fluid-filled organelle found in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
Plasmodesmata
Small channels in the cell wall that allow materials to pass between plant cells.
Pits
Smaller holes in the cell wall of plant cells.
Cell Membrane
The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds and protects the cell.
Fluid Mosaic Model
The model that describes the cell membrane as a fluid structure with proteins embedded in it.
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains various organelles.
Leucoplasts
Non-pigmented plastids found in plant organs associated with long-term storage.
Chromoplast
Plastids found in flowers and fruits that contain pigments responsible for coloration.
Chloroplast
Plastids responsible for photosynthesis and containing green pigments.
Cytoplasmic Streaming
The movement of cytoplasm within a cell.
Vacuole
A storage organelle in plant cells that contains water, salts, and various compounds.
Lysosomes
Organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials.
Nucleus
The organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell and controls cellular activities.
Endomembrane System
A network of membranes within the cell involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids.
Functions
Modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Ribosomes
No membrane, technically not an organelle, site of protein synthesis in the cell, composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins, found within the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Found in all eukaryotic cells, bounded by a double membrane surrounding fluid-filled matrix, inner membrane (cristae) house protein complexes that produce ATP
Microbodies
Single-membrane vesicles containing enzymes
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidase that catalyzes H202 production, produce catalase that breaks down H202, found in leaves
Glyoxysomes
With enzymes for converting fats to carbohydrates, found in germinating oil-bearing seeds and seedlings, rarely found in animal cells
Lysosomes
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules, work best in acidic environment, made by rough ER and transferred to Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape and enhance exchange of materials among organelles and cells
Cyclosis
Circular streaming movement of organelles and particles around central vacuole, guided by actin filaments and microtubules of the cytoskeleton
Flagella
Involved in cell movement, with a 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules, occur only in sperm cells of lower vascular and nonvascular plants
Plasma Membrane
Composed of lipids and proteins, phospholipid bilayer, various models proposed for its structure
Diffusion
Net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration until evenly distributed
Facilitated Diffusion
Net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration with the aid of channel or carrier proteins
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
Tonicity
Total solute concentration of the solution outside the cell
Flaccid (Isotonic)
External environment has the same solute concentration as the cell's internal environment
Plasmolyzed (Hypertonic)
External environment has a higher solute concentration, causing the cell to shrink
Note
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