Literature — 8 questions

1. “The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World”:

   • Summary

     • The large body of a man washes up on the beach, where the children of a coastal village find it. As a few (male) villagers carry this man, they realize that he is much bigger and heavier than expected. They speculated that since the body had drowned, water absorbed into it, therefore resulting in this immense size.

     • As the village men travel to neighboring villages to see if any village is missing a man, all the village women tend to the drowned man’s body. As they remove all the mud and seaweed from him, they realize how handsome he is. The women fawn over him and attempt to make clothes for him; however, he is too large. As they begin fantasizing about him, the most elderly woman says he has the face of the name “Esteban.” Many of the women soon feel pity for Esteban, as they’re picturing him moving around in houses that are too small for his stature. As they cry, they place a handkerchief over his face.

     • The men return with the news that Esteban is not from a neighboring village; this relieves the women, as they can now “keep” him for themself. However, the men wish to quickly dispose of the body, as their wives are obsessed with Esteban (instead of them). Even as they construct a makeshift platform with an anchor to put Esteban back into the sea, the women still find more excuses to delay his burial. Eventually, a woman removes the handkerchief from Esteban’s face, and the men know acknowledge how handsome he is, which removes all the distrust from earlier (because their wives were fawning over a foreign man).

     • The village soon holds an elaborate funeral for Esteban. After his “departure,” the villagers all start to recognize the desolate qualities of their village. Not only do they paint the walls, but they also built houses with wider doors and taller ceilings to honor Esteban.

   • Magical Realism

     • Magical/supernatural phenomena presented in a mundane setting

     • Esteban’s size

     • The way the coastal villagers seem to accept him as one of their own immediately

     • Esteban, a dead man, is what prompted the villagers to build their houses/doors taller & wider.

     Quizlets:

     #1

     #2

     (will add more maybe)

Poetry — 32 questions

1. Poetry Terms

2. Poem Analysis:

   • SOAPStone

     • Situation:

       • Subject: Poem topic

       • Occasion: What prompted the poet to write this piece?

       • Audience: Who is the intended audience?

       • Purpose: What did the poet want to achieve (from their audience)?

       • Speaker: Is the poet the speaker?

     • Structure:

       • Transitions: FANBOYS, transitional words, etc.

         • What effect do they have?

       • Contrasts/Juxtapositions: Do you see any lines with strong contrasts? What effect do they have?

       • Repetitions/Refrains/Catalogs: Do you see any words/phrases/lines repeated or any listing going on? What effect do they have?

       • Key Lines: Which lines feature the examples of the above?

     • Language/Diction:

       • !! Examine content for figurative language.

       • Verse Form: Identify rhyme scheme, any iambic pentameter, etc.

       • Connotative Words: Which words have a strong connotation? What feelings/images do these words connote?

       • Figurative Language:

         • Imagery, paradox/irony, allusions, figurative languages/devices, symbolism

     • Tone:

       • Does the tone change/stay consistent?

       • What words/phrases/lines create tone?

     • Title:

       • What significance does the title have after you’ve broken down the poem?

       • Why did the poet choose that as his title?

     • Theme:

       • What is the overall idea presented in this poem?

         • Complete sentence

         • Qualifier

   • TP-CASTT

     • Title:

       • What do you think the poem will be about based on the title?

       • What significance do you think the title will hold?

     • Paraphrase:

       • Translate difficult lines of the poem into your own words.

     • Poetic Devices:

       • Identify the poem’s figurative language/poetic devices.

       • What effect do they have on the poem’s tone/theme?

     • Connotation:

       • Think about the poem’s diction beyond the literal sense.

       • What effect do they have?

         • Ex. Strong connotations create a sense of anger.

     • Attitude:

       • How does the speaker & poet feel towards the subject?

       • Note the tone.

     • Shifts:

       • Are there are shifts in tone/attitude?

     • Title:

       • Reexamine the title.

       • Interpret it. Why might the poet have chosen this title?

     • Theme:

       • What is the poet trying to communicate?

Grammar — 35 questions

1. Phrases:

   • A group of words with a subject or a verb

     • Never stands alone as a sentence

     • Offers extra information

   • Appositive

     • POS: Appositive

     • Renames a noun

     • Necessary: without commas

     • Unnecessary: with commas

   • Prepositional

     • POS: Adjective/Adverb

       • Adjective: Modifies a noun

       • Adverb: Modifies a verb/adjective/adverb

         • When, where, why, how

     • Begins with a preposition

   • Participial

     • POS: Adjective

     • The word itself is a verb.

       • Present: -ing

       • Past: -ed, -en, -t

     • Describes nouns

     • The barking dog woke the baby.

   • Gerund

     • POS: Noun

       • Subject: First word of the sentence

       • DO: Comes after a verb & answers what

       • IO: Receives the DO

       • Predicate Nominative: “=’ as the linking verb

       • Object of a Preposition: Begins with a preposition

       • Appositive: In between commas

     • Only ends with -ing

     • Hoping to go to school early, I woke up at 6 in the morning.

   • Infinitive

     • POS: Nouns/Adverbs/Adjectives

     • “To [verb]”

   ---

   • !! NOTES !!

     • Adjectives come after a noun.

     • Adverbs come after adjectives (and sometimes verbs).

     • Nouns come after verbs.
       

     • Participial vs. Gerund:

       • Participial: Acts as an adjective, modifies nouns

       • Gerund: Acts as a noun
         

2. Clauses:

   • A group of words with a subject and a verb

     • Can be independent (standalone) or dependent

   • Adjective Clauses

     • Begins with a relative pronoun/adverb

       Relative pronouns Relative adverbs
       Who	Where
       Whom	When
       Whose
       Whosoever
       Whomever
       That
       Which

     • Elliptical adjective clauses:

       • Dropped relative pronoun/adverb, but is still implied

         • Do you have the boat I lent you?

           • (Do you have the boat that I lent you?)

     • !! Nonessential adjective clauses are in commas.

   • Adverb Clauses

     • Tells how, when, why, where, how much, etc.

     • Begins with a subordinating conjunction

       After	Although	As	As if	As long as
       As much as	As soon as	As though	Because	Before
       By the time	Even if	Even though	If	In order that
       In case	Lesst	Now that	Once	Only
       Only if	Provided that	Since	So	Supposing
       That	Than	Though	Till	Unless
       Until	When	Whenever	Where	Whereas
       Wherever	Whether	While

       • Because I like ice cream, I eat lots of it.

       • I eat lots of ice cream because I like it.

       • Jim, because he likes ice cream, eats lots of it.

   • Elliptical adverb clauses:

     • Dropped subject & auxillary verb, but is still implied

       • While eating, the phone rang.

         • (While he was eating, the phone rang.)
           

3. Sentence Structures:

   • Simple

     • 1 independent clause

       • Subject + Predicate

   • Compound

     • 2+ independent clauses

       • (Subject + Predicate) + (Subject + Predicate)

     • Combining independent clauses:

       1. Semi-colon

       2. Semi-colon + Conjunctive Adverb

          Cause/Effect Sequence Time Contrast
          Accordingly	First/Next	Before	Rather
          Consequently	Finally	Meanwhile	However
          Hence	Furthermore	Since	Instead
          Therefore	In addition	Now	Inspite of
          Then	Moreover	Lately	But

          Emphasis Summarize Illustrate Comparison
          Indeed	Briefly	For example	Like/As
          Of course	Merely	For instance	Likewise
          Certainly	Quickly	Namely	Similarly
          Definitely	In conclusion	Typically
          Undoubtedly	In summary	Representatively

       3. Comma + Coordinating Conjunction

          For

          And

          Nor

          But

          Or

          Yet

          So

   • Complex

     • 1 independent clause + 1+ dependent clauses

   • Compound-Complex

     • 2+ independent clauses + 1+ dependent clauses

   ---

   • !! NOTES !!

     • Simple vs. Compound:

       • Simple: Bob came over for dinner and ate spaghetti.

       • Compound: Bob came over for dinner, and we ate spaghetti.
         

     • Once you see subordinating conjunctions, it has to be either complex or compound-complex.

       • Identify the difference by checking how many independent clauses they have.
         

4. Sentence Types:

   • Declarative

     • Period

     • Declares something

   • Interrogative

     • Question mark

     • Asks/questions something

   • Imperative

     • Period/Exclamation mark

     • Commands something

   • Exclamatory

     • Exclamation mark

     • Exclaims something

   ---

   • !! NOTES !!

     • Imperative can trump exclamatory.

       • Run for your lives!

         • Imperative

       • I’m so hungry!

         • Exclamatory
           

5. Modifiers:

   • Misplaced Modifiers

     • A phrase that modifies the wrong word in a sentence

       • My sister dropped in while I was scrubbing the floor with her new baby.

         • Appears as if I’m using my sister’s baby to scrub the floor

       • (My sister dropped in with her new baby while I was scrubbing the floor.)

   • Dangling Modifiers

     • A phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence

       • Studying for weeks, the test was easy.

         • Appears as if the test has been studying for weeks

       • (Studying for weeks, I thought the test was easy.)
         

6. Punctuation:

   • Colons

     1. Lists:

        • The recipe requires 3 spices: garlic, parsley, and thyme.

     2. Quotations:

        • Bob waved goodbye: “Have a good trip!”

     3. Summary Sentence:

        • Bob unfolded the note: “Meet me at the back of the school.”

     4. Formal Appositive:

        • The class play will be an American classic: Our Town.

     5. Other:

        • 12:11 A.M.

        • Dear Mr. Bob:

        • Volume:Page / Chapter:Verse

          • National Geographic XI: 421

          • I Corinthians 13: 4-13

        • Subtitles

          • Pierre: A Cautionary Title

        • Labels

          • Caution: The floor is wet.

   • Semi-colons

     1. Connecting independent clauses:

        • The chief sounded the alarm; the firefighters raced to their stations.

        • Bob has a 4.0 average; consequently, she has a good chance for a scholarship.

          • (Conjunctive adverb)

     2. Transitional expressions:

        • The house needs to be painted; in addition, it needs a new roof.

     3. Items that already have commas:

        • When you have a compound sentence where the independent clause(s) already have commas, replace the comma before FANBOYS with a semi-colon.

          • I have to ask Bob, my friend, about the notes; but I can’t visit him until next week.

     4. Lists with commas:

        • The judges will include Tim, the drama coach; Bob, the choral director; and Jon, the football coach.

   • Quotation Marks

     • Speaking:

       • My father confided, “I expect to get a promotion today.”

       • “I am very pleased,” said Mother.

       • “When will you leave?!” I exclaimed.

     • Direct Quotations:

       • “The sea lies all around us.” —Rachel Carson

       • In the words of Theodore Roosevelt, we must have our “eyes on the stars” and “feet on the ground.”

   • Commas

     • Listing objects

     • Sequential/Chronological

     • Multiple adjectives

     • Compound sentences
       

   • Published Works

     • Underlined/Italicized:

       • Books, plays, long poems, magazines, newspapers, movies, radios/TV series, long musical compositions, albums, art, etc.

     • Quotation Marks:

       • Short stories, poems, book chapters, etc. (anything short)
         

7. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement:

   • Bob asked his parents if he could go.

     • Pronoun(s): his/he

     • Antecedent: Bob

   • Singular

     • Bob likes his new job.

   • Plural

     • Bob or Tim will give you his notes.

     • Bob, Tim, and Jon will give you their notes.

   • All-Encompassing

     • Each person has his/her own notes.

     • All the students have their own notes.

   • Indefinite

     • Some/Several/Most/Neither

       • The pronoun depends on the noun.

       • Some of the wood has insects in it.

         • Because wood is singular, we use it.

       • Neither of those books has much useful information in them.

         • Because books is plural, we use them.

       • Most of my friends get along with their families.

         • Because friends is plural, we use their.

Vocabulary — 40 questions (MCQ)

• Vocabulary Quizlet (Units 1-12)