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What are the basic characteristics of life?
DNA, ATP, at least one or more cells, made up of water, cells made of organic molecules, reproduction
Autotroph
Organism capable of producing their own energy
Heterotroph
Organism feeding on other organisms for energy
Asexual reproduction
Process of reproduction involving only one parent organism
Sexual reproduction
Process of reproduction involving two parent organisms
Homeostasis
Ability to regulate and maintain physiological state
Mutation
Alteration of a nucleotide sequence of a gene
Evolution
Change in gene frequency over time
Scientific Method
1. Empirical observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Data analysis/probability-based conclusion
5. Publication
6. More testing
7. Theory building
What is the purpose of a control in an experiment?
Used to measure effects of variables in an experiment
Hypothesis
a scientifically testable idea
Theory
set of statements based on tested, scientific facts that acts to describe/explain or predict a given phenomenon
Experiment
A set of controlled experiences that may suggest a hypothesis
Empirical
Observations based on the various human senses
Variable
Unstable/changeable factors in an experiment that may influence the outcome
Nature of science in reference to its reliance on probability versus absolute truth, continual testing versus final proof.
Science relies on probability, rather than absolute truth. Experiences must be able to be replicated with the same conclusion.
When was the universe formed?
13.8 bya
When was the Earth formed?
4.5 bya
When did the Earth begin to cool?
3.6 bya
When was the first life on Earth recorded?
3.5 bya
When did multicellular organisms first appear on Earth?
1.6 bya
When did animals appear on Earth?
1 bya - 550 mya
When did plants appear on Earth?
550 mya
When was the Earth colonized by fungi and plants?
500 mya
When was the Earth colonized by land animals?
450 mya
When did humans first appear in their modern form?
250 - 200 tya
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
Radioactivity
The emission of sub-atomic particles from unstable atomic nuclei
Half-life
time needed for half of a radioactive isotope to decay into a stable isotope
Potassium-argon dating
Measuring ratio of radioactive potassium to argon. Igneous volcano rocks, measures from 100tya-bya
Uranium-lead dating
Measuring the amount of lead-206 daughter isotopes. Igneous rocks, measures from 100mya to 4bya
Carbon dating
Measuring the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon 12. *Can only be used to date organic matter in the last 45,000 years
Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis
Life arose from inorganic molecules, starting from amino acids to create complex polymers
Urey-Miller experiment conclusion
Monomers could be formed from gases given sufficient energy, turning into proteins and other monomers
Where did life on Earth most likely begin?
Deep-sea vents
What type of molecule is believed to be the original genetic material? Why?
RNA; simple molecule with some forms (specifically Ribozymes) acting as enzymes which can replicate itself
Symbiogenesis
Merging of 2 organisms into 1 organism
How does symbiogenesis relate to eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Asgard Archaens (prokaryotes) consumed proteobacteria and utilized them as the first mitochondria. They also consumed cyanobacteria to use them as a chloroplast.
Fimbraie
Used by prokaryotes to stick to surfaces
Plasmids
Rings of additional DNA in prokaryote cells that may code for specific proteins
Cell wall (prokaryote)
Peptidoglycan wall used to provide structure to cell
Pili (prokaryote)
Used by prokaryotes to attach to other bacteria
Endospore (prokaryote)
Desiccated pack of DNA
Flagellum (prokaroyte)
Whip like tail used for movement
Capsule (prokaryote)
Sticky slime layer made of short-chain polysaccharides
Cytoplasm (prokaryote)
Liquid contained within prokaryote cell, consists of mostly water, salts, organic molecules
Plasma membrane (prokaryote)
Separates cell interior from outside environment
Nucleoid region (prokaryote)
Area within prokaryote cell where most of cell's DNA is located (not membranous)
Binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Transformation
Modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA
Transduction
Process which DNA Is transferred from one bacterium to another through virus
Conjugation
DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another through direct contact
What is the use of a pilus during conjugation?
Connects cells together
What is the "f-factor" in conjugation?
DNA sequence transferred from one cell to another during conjugation (fertility factor)
Purpose of a relaxosome in conjugation
Complex protein that regulates the t-DNA transfer during conjugation
Transferosome
Protein assemblage forming a pore connecting the membranes of two conjugational bacteria
Obligate anaerobe
Organisms that can perform fermentation (anaerobic) respiration only - NO3^- and SO4^2-
Obligate aerobe
Organisms that require O2 for aerobic respiration
Facultive anaerobe
Organisms that perform aerobic respiration in the presence of O2, fermentation if O2 is not available
Chemilithoautotrophy
Organisms that obtain energy by consuming inorganic compounds
Nitrogen fixation
Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia by specific bacteria
Heterocyst
Cyanobacterial cell that allows for nitrogen fixation
What bacterial group is responsible for the Oxygen Crisis?
Cyanobacteria
Which bacterial group led to the eukaryotic mitochondria?
Proteobacteria
Which bacterial group led to the eukaryotic choloroplast?
Cyanobacteria
Which bacterial group is responsible for the most human sexually transmitted disease?
Chlamydias
Extremophile
Organisms living in extreme conditions
Halophile
Saline-loving organisms
Thermophile
Heat loving organisms
Psychrophile
Cold loving organisms
Acidophile
Acid loving organisms
Alkalophile
Alkaline loving organisms
Methanogen
Anaerobic organisms that produce methane through metabolism
Substrate
Surface an organism lives on
Desiccation
Drying out; dehydration
Producer
Organisms that are able to produce their own food
Decomposer
Organisms that feed on decaying organic matter for energy
Pathogen
An organism causing disease to its host
Mutualist
Long term ecological relationship between two or more organisms that benefit
Symbiont
Organism that interacts with another organism long-term
Host
Larger organism harboring another smaller organism
Diploid
Containing two sets of DNA, 1 from each parent
Haploid
Containing one set of DNA molecules
Monad
DNA molecule in its single, unreplicated state
Dyad
DNA molecule in its replicated state
Tetrad
Group of 4 chromatids in the prophase of meiosis
Homologous pair
DNA molecules of same shape & size, coding for similar polypeptide
Mitosis
Haploid cells are reproduced through mitosis, cell splits into identical cell (asexual process)
Meiosis
Diploid cells are reproduced through meiosis, utilizing gametes (reproductive cells) from each parent to produce non-identical cells
What is the structural and functional purpose of a gene?
Structurally, genes encode for physical structures of an organism's cells. Functionally, genes serve as a unit of heredity, determining an offspring's physical features based on the protein information within the genes
Nucleus
Part of cell that houses DNA of an organism
Ribosome
Part of cell that conducts protein synthesis
Mitochondrion
Part of cell responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration
Food vacuole
Part of cell that digests food matter into nutrients
Cilia
Tiny hairs on cell that allows for locomotion
Flagella
Whip-like tail on organism that allows for motion
Cytoplasm
Fluid inside cell
Plasma membrane
Separates cell interior from outside environments
Chloroplast
Organelle that captures light energy and converts into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Cell wall
Provides structural support for cell