Unit 1 A&P 2

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141 Terms

1
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atrial reflex
an autonomic reflex initiated by increased venous return and increased atrial filling
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auricle
small, wrinkled, protruding appendages
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cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
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cardiac reserve
difference between resting and maximal cardiac output
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contractility
the contractile strength achieved at a given muscle length
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diastole
periods of relaxation
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end diastolic volume (EDV)
the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole
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end systolic volume (ESV)
the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted
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endocardium
endothelium membrane that lines the interior of the heart; white sheet of endothelium resting on connective tissue
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epicardium
superficial layer; an integral part of the heart wall
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functional syncytium
myocardium behaves as a single coordinated unit due to a gap junction electrically coupling cardiac cells
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intercalated disc
specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junction and desmosomes
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myocardium
middle layer; composed of muscle
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pacemaker
sinoatrial node
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quiescent period
period of total heart relaxation
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stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat
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systole
periods of contraction
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vagal tone
autonomic divisions continuously send impulses to the sinoatrial node but the dominant influence is inhibitory
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venous return
amount of blood returning to the heart and distending of its ventricles
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ab~
departing from, away from
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angin~
choked
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brady~
slow
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cardi~/cardio~
heart
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cusp~
pointed
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diastol~
stand apart
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extrins~
from the outside
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foram~
opening
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hyper~
excess
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intercal~
insert
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intra~
within
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macro~
large
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meta~
beyond, between, transition
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micro~
small
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mono~
single
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myo~
muscle
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para~
beside, near
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peri~
around
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Re~
back, again
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semi~
half
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septum~
fence
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steno~
narrow
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systol~
contraction
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tachy~
rapid
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~able
able to, capable of
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~nom
govern
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~some
body
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~stitia
come to stand
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~tomy
to cut
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What are the layers of the pericardium?
fibrous, serous, parietal layer, visceral layer
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What are the layers of the heart wall?
epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
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What does sympathetic stimulation?
increases contractility
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What does parasympathetic stimulation?
reduces heart rate when a stressful situation has passed
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What does epinephrine do?
enhances heartrate and contractility
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What does thyroxine do?
increases metabolic rate, production of body heat, enhances epinephrine and norephrine, and causes a sustained increase in heart rate
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What do low levels of calcium do?
depress the heart
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What do high levels of calcium do?
increase heart rate and contractility
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What do high levels of potassium do?
causes heart block and cardiac arrest
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What do low levels of potassium do?
make the heart feeble and arrhythmic
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What causes high temperatures?
tachycardia
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what causes low temperatures?
bradycardia
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Describe the generalized flow of blood through the heart in relation to the pulmonary and systemic circuits
blood from the systemic circuit, vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, blood to the systemic circuit
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Describe the intrinsic cardiac conducting system structure and functions

1. the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) generates impulses (P wave) 2. impulses pause (0.1) at the atrioventricular node 3. the atrioventricular bundle connects the atria to the ventricles (QRS complex) 4. the bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum 5. the subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cell of both ventricles
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arteries
move blood away from the heart
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elastic arteries
thick walled arteries near the heart, aorta, and it’s major branches; largest in diameter 2.5cm to 1cm; low resistance pathways that conduct blood from the heart to medium sized arteries; inactive in vasoconstriction; pressure reservoirs expanding and recoiling as the heart ejects blood
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muscular arteries
delivers blood to specific body organs; most named arteries in the body; thickest tunica media of all vessels
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arterioles
smallest of the arteries, resistance vessels, minute to minute flow into the capillary beds is determined by an arteriolar diameter which varies in response to neural, hormonal, and local chemical influences
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auscultatory method
1. wrap the blood pressure cuff snugly around the person's arm superior to the elbow 2. inflate the cuff until the cuff pressure exceeds systolic pressure 3. rescue cuff pressure gradually and listen with a stethoscope for sounds in the brachial artery
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baroreceptor
pressure sensitive mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in arterial pressure and stretch; when stretched they send a rapid stream of impulses
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capillary
smallest blood vessels; sites of exchange between blood and tissue cells
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fenestrated capillary
occur in areas of active filtration or absorption and areas of endocrine hormones secretion, number of fenestrations in capillaries increases during active absorption of nutrients
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sinusoid capillary
allow large irregularly shaped molecules and cells to pass; blood flows slowly; macrophages extend processes through the apertures to catch or form part of the sinusoid wall
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capillary bed
interweaving networks where blood and nutrients and wastes are exchanged
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capacitance vessel
veins
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chemoreceptor
receptor sensitive to various chemicals; CO2, O, H+
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lumen
cavity inside a tube contains blood
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myogenic
physical
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precapillary sphincter
a cuff of smooth muscle that acts as a valve to regulate blood flow in a capillary; controlled by local chemical conditions
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pressure points
locations that can be compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorrhages
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pulse
rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside of the body
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tunica intima
innermost layer closest to the blood
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tunica media
smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastic; the middle layer
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tunica externa
composed largely of loosely woven collagen fibers that protect, nourish, and anchor the vessel
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vasa vasorum
nourishes external tissue of the blood vessel wall
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vascular anastomoses
union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels
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vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels
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vasodilation
relaxation of smooth muscle and blood vessels
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vasomotor tone
atrioles are almost always in a state of moderate construction
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vein
brings blood to the heart
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venule
small vein; 8 to 100 μm
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venous reservoir
veins can store most of the body's blood at anytime
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venous sinus
flattened veins with thin walls composed only of endothelium
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ac~/acro~
extreme, extremity, peak
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anastomoses~
come together
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aneurysm
a widening
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angi~
vessel
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aort~
great artery
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auscult~
listen
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baro~
pressure
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brachi~
arm
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brev~
short