K300 Exam I Preparation

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A collection of vocabulary flashcards focused on key terms and definitions pertinent to K300 Exam I preparation.

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35 Terms

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Simulations

Interactive models that allow users to experiment with variables and see outcomes, such as coin-sampling and match-sampling.

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Classifying Variables

The process of categorizing variables as continuous, discrete, nominal, or ordinal.

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Independent Variables

Variables that are manipulated in an experiment to observe their effect on dependent variables.

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Dependent Variables

Variables that are measured in an experiment to assess the impact of independent variables.

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Confounds

Extraneous variables that may influence the results of an experiment.

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Sample Size

The number of observations or replicates used in a statistical sample, which affects the validity of results.

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Histogram

A graphical representation showing the distribution of numerical data.

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Measures of Central Tendency

Statistics that describe the center of a dataset, including mean, median, and mode.

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Variability

The extent to which data points differ from each other in a dataset.

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Standard Deviation

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

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Z Score

a measure of how many standard deviations a particular score is above or below the mean of its distribution

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Raw Score

The original value or measurement before any transformation.

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Standard Error

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

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Sampling Distribution

A probability distribution of a statistic obtained through a large number of samples drawn from a specific population.

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Normal Distribution

A bell-shaped distribution where most observations cluster around the central peak.

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Bar Chart

A graph that represents data with rectangular bars representing different values.

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Line Graph

A type of chart that displays information as a series of data points connected by straight line segments.

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Box and Whisker Chart

A graphical representation that summarizes data based on a five-number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum.

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Model

A simplified representation of reality used to explain or predict phenomena.

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Null Hypothesis

A statement asserting that there is no effect or no difference, serving as a starting point for statistical testing.

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Rejecting the Null Hypothesis

Concluding that there is sufficient evidence to suggest a meaningful effect or difference in the data.

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p Value

A measure that helps determine the statistical significance of results in hypothesis testing.

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Alpha Level

The threshold for determining statistical significance, commonly set at 0.05.

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Type I Error

Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis.

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Type II Error

Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

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Base Rates

The natural frequency of a condition or characteristic in a given population, important for interpreting statistical claims.

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Relative Statistic

A statistic that compares values in relation to one another.

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Absolute Statistic

A statistic that provides raw data without reference to other values.

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Excel Skills

Essential competencies in using Excel for data management and statistical analysis.

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Simulation Applet

An online tool used to model experiments and visualize results in a simulated environment.

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Hypothesis Testing

A method of making statistical inferences about population parameters based on sample data.

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Continuous Variable

A variable that can take any value within a given range, typically measured (e.g., height, temperature).

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Discrete Variable

A variable that can only take on-specific, distinct values, usually counted (e.g., number of children, dice roll).

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Nominal Variable

A categorical variable without any natural order or ranking (e.g., gender, eye color).

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Ordinal Variable

A categorical variable with a clear order or ranking among categories, but the differences between categories are not necessarily equal (e.g., education level (high school, college, grad school), satisfaction rating (poor, fair, good)).