mi unit 2

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81 Terms

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karotype
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
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Pedigree
A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait
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affected pedigree
is shaded/colored
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Carrier in pedigree
Half-Shade
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Unaffected pedigree
unshaded
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multifactorial
determined by many factors, both genetic and environmental, collectively influence phenotype
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Diabetes, Dementia, High Blood Pressure are types of what disorders
multifactorial disorders
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single gene
change or mutation in one gene
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single gene recessive trait examples
sickle cell and cystic fibrosis
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single gene dominant trati examples
dwarfism and huntington's disease
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sex-linked trait
passed on the sex chromosomes (the X or the Y)
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why do males more affected by sex linked trait diseases?
because women have 2 X chromosomes and only need one to function while men have only 1 X-chromosome
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mitochondrial disorders
Leber's heditatry optic nueropathy
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sex linked trait examples
colorblindness, duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia
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what disorder is only passed from mother to child?
mitochondrial disorders
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chromosomal disorders
not having enough or having extra chromosomes
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what are some examples of chromosomal disorders?
Down Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome
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how are chromosomal disorders revealed?
karotypes
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what do we use to find out abt diseases?
genetic screening
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Carrier Screening
test that is typically done on adult couples who are considering having children and want to determine if those children could inherit any diseases.
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how is carrier screening done?
blood sample is drawn, DNA is extracted and amplified using PCR, and then DNA goes under testing for diseases.
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Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
often used by people with known autosomal dominant or sex-linked conditions that they do not want to pass on to their children
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How is PGD done?
eggs are fertilized in a vitro dish and after they are developed, a single cell from each embryo is removed, amplified, and tested for the trait the parents dont want to pass
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Fetal Screening/Prenatal diagnosis is performed when?
when fetuses are inside the mommy
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amniocentesis
needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
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When is amniocentesis performed?
14-20 weeks
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chorionic villus sampling
the examination of cells retrieved from the placenta
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what are risks of getting amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling?
miscarriage
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Newborn screening
the testing of infants shortly after birth
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how do we do newborn screening?
A small sample of blood is taken from the baby, and DNA is isolated from it for testing purposes
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Newborn screening is used for what?
for inherited diseases if the parents choose not to implement measures that complete this testing while the baby is still in utero
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What does PCR stand for
polymerase chain reaction
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What do we use for PCR?
taq polymerse, DNA primers, and DNA nucleotides
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what is the first step of PCR
denaturation
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what is denaturation
high temperature breaks hydrogen bonds that hold the double stranded DNA together.
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Second step of PCR
annealing
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what is annealing
dna primers are added to the dna mixture and dna primers are binding to dna
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why is dna primer present?
so taht the DNA is reading for copying
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what is the 3rd step of PCR
extension
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what is extension?
taq polymerse is used to copy bacterial dna before bacterial cells divide.
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what is genotype
genetic code for traits that we possess
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testing for traits in the lab can be done with what?
gel electrophoresis
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what does centrifugation do?
separates DNA from cell waste
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why are restriction enzymes used for gel electrophoresis for gene testing?
so that different versions of the gene, "bad" or "good", can be distinguished
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what does the end result of gel electrophoresis determine?
reveals the genotype of the individual being tested
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what trimester is critical during pregnancy?
the first
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what is gene therapy?
the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
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what are vectors
viruses
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type of vectors?
retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes simplex viruses, liposomes, and naked DNA.
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purpose of vectors?
providing unaffected genes to people carrying specific genes
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sperm sorting
a method of separating sperm that carry Y chromosomes from sperm that carry X chromosomes; you can choose gender of the baby
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plasmid and liposome
-can be any size
-dna
-dont generate immune response
-dont do genome integration
-less efficient, therefore result in low protein levels
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Herpes virus
-dna
-double stranded
-only infects nervous cells
-creates immune response
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adenovirus
-dna
-double stranded
-can enter differing cell types
-creates immune response
-results in high levels of protein
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Retrovirus
-rna
-only infects dividing cells
-creates immune response
-integrate with genes randomly
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Adeno-associated virus
-dna
-single stranded
-can enter different amount of cells
-create permanent genome integration
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Lentivirus
-rna
-can enter different types of cells
-integrates with genes randomly
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Cystic Firbrosis
an inherited disease that affects glands, causing buildup of mucus, which blocks the ducts
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cystic fibrosis means a lack of what?
CFTR gene which controls salt and balance of water in the body
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what vector should be used for cystic fibrosis?
adeno-associated
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which screening method removes cells from the placenta?
chronic villus sampling
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which method removes amniotic fluid for testing?
amniocentesis
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which screening method is the least risky/invasive
ultrasound
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a single cell is taken from an embryo and tested for genetic abnormalities. what method was used?
pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
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which disorder is caused by an extra chromosome
down syndrome
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which disorder is considered to be multifactorial
alzeheimer’s disease
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what is not a step in PCR
sequencing
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what causes DNA fragments to separate in each lane of an agase gel?
electrical current
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dna fragments separate during gel electrophoresis according to their…
size
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what are the correct pcr steps
denaturation, annealing, extension
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what type of genetic disorder is the best target for gene therapy?
single gene mutation
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which is not an important consideration when choosing a gene therapy vector
whether its RNA or DNA
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which 2 techniques can be used to select the sex of the baby
sperm sortinga and PGD
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what kind of genetic disorder is down syndrome
chromosomal
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what kind of genetic disorder is cystic fibrosis
single gene recessive
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what pre-natal screening/testing can be done earlier during pregancy
CVS
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which gene therapy vector carries single stranded rna
retrovirus
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what gene vector would be ideal for inserting a gene that was 18500 base pairs long
herpes-simplex virus
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what kind of genetic disorder can be detected with a SNP analysis and gel electrophoresis?
single gene
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what genetic disorder can be detected with a karotype
chromosomal
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which occur when gametes are fertilized in a dish in the lab which result in a zygote
IVF