Test 1 Set

What is a Neuronal Action Potential?

Voltage Difference between the inside and outside of a cell, and Method by which Neurons Communicate.

Which ion(s) are related to building of Action Potential within a neuron?

A(Sodium) and D(Potassium).

Which of the following is the best representation of the All-or-None principle of Action Potentials, which occur at -55mv from a resting charge of -70mv.

Any charge above -55mv produces a standard strength action potential, with any charge below -55mv not producing an action potential.

magnetic fields used to produce a picture.

MRI.

twins that develop from the same sperm and egg.

Identical Twins.

largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures.

Forebrain.

the state of readiness of a neuron membrane’s potential between signals.

Resting potential.

left or right half of the brain.

Hemisphere.

study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes.

Epigenetics.

view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes.

Genetic environmental correlation.

sudden, permanent change in a gene.

Mutation.

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active.

Threshold of excitation.

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter.

Antagonist.

imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area.

CT scan.

deep groove in the brain’s cortex.

Longitudinal fissure.

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach.

Phenotype.

involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain.

PET Scan.

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body.

Parasympathetic nervous system.

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement.

Substantia nigra.

MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time.

fMRI.

electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon.

Action potential.

controls our internal organs and glands.

Autonomic nervous system.

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it.

Reuptake.

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities.

Cerebral cortex.

sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response.

Adrenal gland.

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex.

Occipital love.

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs.

Synapse.

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body.

PNS.

hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep.

Pons.

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite.

Thyroid.

division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation.

Midbrain.

helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs.

DNA.

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules.

Semipermeable membrane.

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning.

Prefrontal cortex.

states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments.

Theory of evolution by natural selection.

chemical messenger released by endocrine glands.

Hormone.

hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory.

Cerebellum.

secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior.

Gonad.

recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp.

EEG.

relays sensory and motor information to and from the CNS.

Somatic Nervous System.

strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information.

Auditory Cortex.

important for speech comprehension.

Wernicke’s area.

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction.

VTA.

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles.

Terminal Button.

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex.

Parietal lobe.

long strand of genetic information. Chromosome.

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions.

Lateralization.

consisting of two identical alleles.

Homozygous.

region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production.

Broca’s area.

major extension of the soma.

Axon.

multiple genes affecting a given trait.

Polygenic.

bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex.

Gyrus.

depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex.

Sulcus.

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter.

Agonist.

cell body of a neuron.

Soma.

Please match the following biopsychology definitions with their respective terms.

Frontal Lobe.

division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

Hindbrain.

sensory relay for the brain.

Thalamus.

secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar.

Pancreas.

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation. – All or none.

fatty substance that insulates axons.

Myelin sheath.

strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement.

Motor cortex.

storage site for neurotransmitters.

Synaptic vesicle.

twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies the same as in non-twin siblings.

Fraternal twins.

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport.

Glial cell.

state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels.

Homeostasis.

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems.

Biological perspective.

essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

Somatosensory cortex.

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane.

Membrane potential.

drugs advertised for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms by hypothetically restoring neurotransmitter balance.

Psychotropic medication.

sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics.

Gene.

activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety.

Fight or flight response.

allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele.

Recessive allele.

Please match the following biopsychology definitions with their respective terms.

Dendrite.

collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory.

Limbic system.

involved in stress-related activities and functions.

Sympathetic nervous system.

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system.

Neuron.

midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity.

Reticular formation.

genetic makeup of an individual.

Genotype.

allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele.

Dominant allele.

part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex.

Temporal Lobe.

forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Hypothalamus.

brain and spinal cord.

Central Nervous System.

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones.

Endocrine system.

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.

Range of reaction.

thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres.

Corpus callosum.

disease related to insufficient insulin production.

Diabetes.

hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate.

Medulla.

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory.

Hippocampus.

structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

Amygdala.

consisting of two different alleles.

Heterozygous.

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system.

Pituitary gland.

specific version of a gene.

Allele.

Lowest Part of a Wave.

Trough.

Not seeing something because you were attending to something else in the visual field.

Attentional Blindness.

two-eared cue to localize sound.

Binaural Cue.

Spinning sensation caused by diritus settlling on cilia in the vestibule.

Vertigo.

Middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil.

Incus.

things that are alike tend to be grouped together.

Similarity.

chemical message sent by another person.

Pheromone.