Principles of Health Science Post-SLO review

Ancient Times

• Exorcise evil spirits

• Illness caused by supernatural spirits

• herbs and plants as medicine.

Egyptians

→ 3000-300 BC

• Earliest to keep accurate health records.

• Superstitious, Believed Demons caused disease

• Called upon Gods

• Priests were doctors.

• Embalming

• Some medical practices used today include:

  • Rx, Medical Treatments, Embalming, Identifying Diseases

Jewish Medicine

• Avoided medical practice.

• Concentrated on health rules concerning food, cleanliness, and quarantine.

Ancient Chinese

→ 1700BC- 220 AD

• First to study diseases & helped eliminate superstitions.

• Disease caused by lack of sanitary practices.

• Hippocrates (believed in only observation & recording symptoms/results) & Asclepius (helped develop the first clinics and hospitals)

Roman Medicine

→ 753 BC- 410AD

• Developed sanitation systems with the influence of Greek Medicine

• Beginning of public health

• Public Hygiene, Public baths, sewers & proper sewage disposal.

Renaissance Medicine

→ 1350-1650A.D.

• Dissection

• Universities and medical schools

• Book publishing

Leonardo Da Vinci

was known for the anatomy of the body.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Known as the “Father of Microbiology”

Edward Jenner

This scientist discovered the smallpox vaccination

Benjamin Franklin

invented the bifocals

Joseph Lister

first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery.

Alexander Fleming

discovered “penicillin”

1900 - 1945

No antibiotics, hospitals were places to die, acute infectious diseases (TB, rheumatic fever, etc.)

1945 - 1975

Antibiotics, safer surgery, transplants, increased lifespan, new health hazards (obesity, cancer, hypertension, etc.

1975- present

Antibiotics, safer surgery, transplants, increased lifespan, new health hazards (obesity, cancer, hypertension, etc.)

ventral_(anterior)

•  refers to the front of the body

dorsal__(posterior)

•  refers to the back of the body. 

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

• refers to the middle

distal

•  away from the point of origin; refers to position on the arms and legs

proximal

•  refers to the “nearest point of origin” or close proximity.

supine

• laying down face UP

prone

• laying down face DOWN

flexion

decreased angle

extension

increase angle

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

Towards midline

vital signs

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, Blood Pressure

• TPR

Homeostasis

• state of equilibrium.

• Maintenance of a stable internal environment

• Maintains the condition necessary to support life.

• It involves molecular, cellular, tissues and organ systems.

positive feedback

tells body to continue what it's doing

negative feedback

 tells body to stop doing what its doing

What are the 6 steps of the digestive processes & their functions?

1. Ingestion = the process of taking food into the digestive tract

2. Propulsion = process of moving food through alimentary canal

3. Mechanical Digestion = mastication = preparing food for mechanical digestion

4. chemical digestion = : the catabolic process in which large food molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis

5. Absorption =  transportation of digestive end product to GI tract

6. Defecation = elimination of waste from body

BMR Basic Metabolic Rate

• number of calories needed for basic metabolic activity at the cellular level.

Harris-Benedict Equation

used to calculate a person’s required daily __calorie intake_ based on physical activity and BMR.

BMI Body Mass Index

individual’s mass divided by their height squared

6 Essential Nutrients

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Vitamins

5. Mineral

6. Water

Physiological Needs

5 - air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reporoduction

Safety Needs

4 - personal security, employment, resources, health, property

Love and Belonging

3 - friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

Esteem

2 - respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom

self-actualization

1 - desire to become the most that one can be

Geriatrics

Branch of Medicine dealing with old people

Infancy

• Cry

• Eat every 2-3 hrs

• No teeth

• Uncoordinated movements

• Poor vision

• Responds to human voice and Touch

Early Childhood (preschool/kindergarten)

• Beginning to walk and talk

• Negative behavior

• Vocabulary expands

• Vivid Imagination

• Can hop

Late Childhood (6-12 years)

• Muscles develop

• Motor skills

• Sex group activities

• Acceptance and parental approval is important

Adolescence (From 12-13 to 19-20 years)

• puberty

• traumatic life stage

• trying to establish self- identity

• confrontations with authority

Young Adult (20-45 years)

• physical development - complete

• emotional maturation

• knows how to profit from errors

• socially progress to similar interest people

Middle Adulthood (40-45 to 55 years)

• gray hair

• wrinkles

• hearing and vision decrease

• muscles lose tone

• main concerns = children, health, parents, security

Late Adulthood (55-60 & Up)

• fastest growing age bracket

• memory problems

• coordination problems

• significant amount = depressed

• concern with health and finances

Therapeutic verbal communication

Listening, Silence, Offering self, Reflection, Encouraging Elaboration, General Leading Statements, Giving Information & Open Ended Questions

Non-Therapeutic Communication Skills

1. Gestures - express variety of feelings

2. Body Language & Posture - Positive and negative portrayal

3. Facial Expressions - most expressive part

4. Eye contact - can be open or closed

5. Object Communication - dressing and appearance

6. Touch - physical communication

A Leader

1. Guides

2. Directs

3. Facilitates processes

4. Empowers

5. Influences others to follow