AP Human Geography Unit 2

Agricultural Population Density

Number of Farmers divided by the arable land

Arable Land

Land suitable for farming/agriculture

Physiological Population Density

Population of a region / arable (farmable) land

Arithmetic Population Density

Population of a region divided by total land area.

Baby Boom

Temporary marked increase in the birth rate

Census

A complete count of of a population

Child Mortality Rate

Total number of child deaths per 1,000 live births

Crude Birth Rate

Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people in the society

Crude Death Rate

Total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a society

Dependency Ratio

Number of people too young or too old to work compared to workers.

(number of children (0-14) + Number of adult 65+)/working age population x 100

More Developed Country (MDC)

Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, country that has progressed further along the development continuum

Doubling Time

Number of years needed to double the population

Ecumeme

The areas of earth occupied by human settlement

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Industrial Revolution

Time during the 19th century, major improvements in manufacturing goals and delivering them to market

Infant Mortality Rates

the number of infant deaths (under age 1) per 1000 live births

Less Developed Countries (LDC)

Non-industrialized/poor countries.

Stage two, early three

Life Expectancy

Average number of years an infant can expect to live

Malthusian Theory

Developed by Thomas Malthus in the late 1700s, this theory warned that population growth would outpace food production, leading to a crisis. Key Assumption: Malthus believed that the population would grow exponentially while food production would grow arithmetically, creating an unsustainable gap.

Medical Revolution

Time during the late 20th countries, when medical technology from Europe and North America diffused to developing countries

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

Neo-Malthusian

A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Pro-Natalist Policies

Government policies to increase the rate of natural increase

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Population Center

An area of land where people are most dense, including East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Mobility

A general term covering all types of movement from one place to another

Periodic movement

Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Push Factors of Immigration

reasons people emigrate and leave their homes such as economic troubles, overcrowding, poverty

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Interregional Migration

Movement from one region to another

Migration Transition

Change in migration patterns in a society caused by industrialisation, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Gravity Model

Predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them.

Migrant Workers

people, typically farmers, who move from place to place to harvest fruits and vegetables

Refugee

a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

internal migration

permanent movement within the same country

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

remittance

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries

migration selectivity

Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate

step migration

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

chain migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

activity space

The area within which people move freely on their rounds of regular activity

urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

carrying capacity

Refers to the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support with its resources.

contraception (birth control)

methods of preventing conception

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Distribution

Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live

Immigration

Migration to a new location

fertility

The production of offspring within a population

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

infrastructure

Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

internally displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

migration stream

the constant flow of migrants from one country into another country

population composition

Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

Rural-urban migration

Permanent movement from rural area to the urban city area.

S-curve

a curve that depicts growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Pull Factors of Immigration

Reasons to migrate to a new area such as Economic Opportunity ($)

Jobs/ workers were needed

Land

Peace and stability

Freedom to make a better life

degenerative disease

any disease in which deterioration of the structure or function of tissue occurs

Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

Stage 1 DTM

Characterized by high birth and death rates, leading to a stable but low population growth.

Stage 2 DTM

High Growth: A society transitioning to industrialization characterized by a High CBR, declining CDR, and a positive NIR.

Stage 3 DTM

Moderate Growth: Society transitioning from high birth rates to lower birth rates due to improved education and access to healthcare, leading to a declining CBR and a still low CDR.

Stage 4 DTM

Low Growth: A more industrialized society where both CBR and CDR are low, resulting in a stable NIR.

Stage 5 DTM

Declining Growth: A stage characterized by very low CBR, increasing CDR, and a negative NIR, often indicating an aging population.

Stage 1 ETM

High mortality due to infectious diseases and famine, resulting in a high CDR, while CBR remains high, leading to a stable population.

Stage 2 ETM

Characterized by decreasing mortality rates due to improvements in healthcare and sanitation, leading to a declining CDR while CBR remains high, resulting in rapid population growth.

Stage 3 ETM

Characterized by further declines in mortality rates as chronic diseases become more prevalent, leading to a low CDR while CBR starts to decline, resulting in slower population growth.

Stage 4 ETM

Characterized by low mortality rates and low birth rates, leading to a stable population with little to no growth.

Stage 5 ETM

Characterized by very low birth rates, leading to a declining population as mortality rates remain low, often associated with aging populations.

ETM

The Epidemiologic Transition Model describes the patterns of health and disease as societies transition through stages of demographic change, highlighting the shift from infectious to chronic diseases.

Mortality Rate

The number of deaths in a given population, typically expressed per 1,000 individuals per year, reflecting the health status of a population.

Urban Sprawl

The spread of urban development from an urban area into underdeveloped land near the city.

Push & Pull Factors

Factors that drive people to leave their homeland (push) or attract them to a new location (pull), influencing migration patterns.

Child dependency ratio

A demographic measure that compares the number of dependents, typically those under age 15, to the working-age population, indicating economic pressure on the productive population.