Exam 2

Virulence factor

characteristics that enable pathogens to establish an infection

Focal infection

an infection that then moves to other, specific parts of the body

Coagulase

An enzyme that promotes blood clotting

True pathogen

pathogen that can cause disease even in healthy individuals

-oma

associated with cancer

Sign

evidence of disease as noted by an observer

Endogenous pathogen

member of your normal flora that causes an infection

Opportunistic pathogen

pathogen that causes an infection only if a hosts immune system is compromised

Secondary infection

infection caused by a pathogen taking advantage of the conditions created by a previous infection

Symptom

evidence of disease as noted by the patient

Systemic infection

infection that spreads through the entire body

Residents

microbes that are well adapted to the human body and are part of our normal flora

-emia

conditions associated with the blood

Pathogenic

the ability to cause disease

Mixed infections

infection caused by multiple infectious agents

Exogenous pathogen

pathogen that is not part of the normal flora

-itis

associated with inflammation

Exotoxins

virulence factors secreted from pathogens that work at low doses

Sequelae

Long term damage caused by a pathogen

Localized infections

an infection found only in a discrete area of the host

Intoxication

the effects of ingestion or production of a toxin

-osis

associated with a morbid process

infectious dose

lowest number of infectious particles neceassary to cause an infection

Leukocidin

virulence factor that kills immune cells

Transient

microbes that are picked up overtime and are not well adapted to the human body

Primary infection

an initial infection that creates conditions favorable to other pathogens

Endotoxins

lipopolysaccharide

Bacterial Kinase

enzyme that can break up blood clots

Living reservoir

population of organisms which harbor pathogens

Carrier

individual who shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others, but shows no symptoms

Biological vector

infected animal that transmits a pathogen from an infected human to an unifected human

Mechanical vector

An animal that transmits an infectious agent without itself being infected

Incubating carrier

individual who shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others during their incubation period

Propageted epidemic

an outbreak is transmitted person to person over a limited geographical range

Prevalence

total number of disease cases in a population over time

Common-source outbreak

type of outbreak where lots of people get food poisoning from the same meal

Vertical transmission

type of transmission when mom infected her newborn

Nosocomial

disease transmission by a health care provider

Chronic carrier

asymptomatic individual who shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others over a long period

Pandemic

world-wide disease outbreak

Direct transmission

transmission is from infected host to an unfected host

Sporadic outbreaks

disease outbreaks that are random and unpredictable

Droplet nuceli

Small droplets of biological fluid that remain in the air for hours/days

Nonliving resevoir

inanimate material which harbor pathogens ex.sand, dirt

Indirect transmission

transmission when folks get sick form contact with a fomite ex. cloths, forks

Incidence

number of new cases of a disease in a population over time

Fomites

An inanimate object that is contaminated with a pathogen infected by a human

Noncommunicable disease

infection resulting from a person’s own normal flora

Droplet

large droplets of a biological fluid that do no travel far and only briefly remain in the air

Morbidity rate

total number of people who have a disease within a population over time

Mortality rate

total number of deaths due to a specific disease within a population over time

High-level germicides

Kill endospores and can be sterilant (kills everything) if used properly

Intermediate-level germicides

Kill mycobacteria, viruses, vegetative cells and fungal spores

Low-level germicides

Kill only vegetative bacteria and fungi, some viruses (mostly enveloped)

When did we start using antimicrobials?

1930’s

Who were the first people to treat wounds with fungi?

Egyptians

Who is John Parkinson?

first person to use molds to treat infections

What was discovered in ancient bones?

Antibiotic Tetracycline

Who is Paul Ehrlich?

developed dyes to stain cells, noticed that they stuck to bacteria and not eukaryotic cells, developed treatment of syphilis (Salvarsan)

Who developed the first effective treatment for syphilis?

Pauk Ehrlich

What did Gerhard Dogmak discover?

Sulfonamides, synthetic antimicrobials (sulfa drugs), block bacterial folic acid synthesis, First sulfa drug (Prontosil)

Who noticed the growth of Staphlyococcus?

Sir Alexander Fleming

Who was the first to isolate Penicillin from the fungus staphylococcus?

Dr. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

Chemotherapeutic Durg

Any chemical used in the treat, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease

Prophylaxis

use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

Antimicrobials

All-inclusive term for antimicrobial drug, regardless of its origin

Antibiotics

Substances produces by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

Semisynthetic Drugs

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

Synthetic drugs

Drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions

Narrow spectrum

Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types

Broad Spectrum

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types

Selectively toxic

disrupt microbial metabolism or structures, leading to the death of the target microorganisms without harming the patient?

What are the 10 types of specific chemicals that we use to kill stuff with?

Halogens, Phenolics, Chlorhexidine, Alcohols, Hydrogen Peroxide, detergents (soaps), heavy metals, aldehydes, gases, and dyes

What are the three beta lactam drugs?

Penicillin-Like, Cephalosporins, carbapenems

Penicillin-Like Antibiotics

Attack cell walls, more affective in gram positive bacteria, ONE R group

How can we fix resistance in Penicillin type antibiotics?

Changing the R-group and add chemicals to block the actions of bacterial enzymes

What are the most natural forms of Penicillin and what are they?

Penicillin G/V, narrow spectrum drugs that have more effect on Gram + than Gram -

What are Ampicillin and Carbenicillin?

Semisyntethic broad spectrum penicillin

Cephalosporins

Inhibit cell wall synthesis, TWO R groups, broad spectrum, given parenterally

Carbapenems

THREE R groups, broad spectrum, usually last resort for treatment

Bacitracin

inhibit cell wall synthesis, TOXIC to humans, narrow spectrum drug against gram +, ex. neosporin

Vancomycin

Narrow spectrum, targets cell wall, treats against staphylococcus aureus

Aminoglycosides

block ribosome function, broad spectrum, useful against aerobic gram + bacteria

Tetracycline/Doxycycline

4-ring structure, produced by streptomyces, block protein synthesis to bacterial ribosomes, broad spectrum, significant gastrointestinal side effects

Macrolides

Large lactone ring with sugars attached, block protein synthesis, broad spectrum and low toxcitity

Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)

Synthetic antimicrobials block bacterial folic acid synthesis

Quinolones

block DNA replication, high potency, broad spectrum, inhibit most gram + and gram -

Rifamycin

produced by streptomyces, inhibits RNA synethis by blocking RNA polymerase, primarily against gram +

Polymyxin

disrupts cell membranes of gram - cells, narrow spectrum, limited by their toxcitiy to our kidneys, found in common topical ointments

Antimycotics

antimicrobials that target fungi

Azoles

Broad spectrum antimycotics, target ergosterol synthesis

Echinocandins

drug that disrupt the fungal cell wall and kill the fungus

Quinine

1st successful treatment of malaria, from cinchona tree, are now resistant to newer generations

Metronidazole

used to treat dysentery caused by an amoeba

Mebendazole/Albendazole

treat multicellular tapeworms, broad spectrum anthelminthic drugs that block microtubule function which starves parasites to death

Fuzeon

blocks the binding of HIV to its receptors on human cells

Acyclovir

can inhibit DNA synthesis in herpes viruses

AZT (azidothymidine)

inhibits reverse transcriptase and therefore stops HIV from making DNA

Protease inhibitors

inhibit HIV protease