biology 101

Diffusion

The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. This happens along a concentration gradient

Osmosis

A passive movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Active Transport

An active movement where an input of energy is required. Particles move from low concentration to high concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

A passive movement of particles from high to low concentration through a protein channel in a cell.

Isotonic Solution

The same concentration of dissolved substances. Water in \= water out.

Hypertonic Solution

Higher concentration of solutes outside cell than inside

Plasmolyse

When a cell has shrunk

Hypotonic Solution

A cell has more solute inside than outside.

Turgid

Cell may explode under pressure due to a hypotonic solution.

Exocytosis

Movement out of a cell

Endocytosis

Movement into a cell

Lysosome

A vesicle that contains destructive/digestive chemicals

Pinocytosis

A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs liquid into the cell.

Phagocytosis

A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs solids into a cell

Scientific question

Questions that can be answered by using experiments and factual reasoning.

Biology

The study of living organisms and how they function.

Scientific Method

A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Hypothesis

1st part of the scientific method

experimental design

Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment.

variable

factors that are kept constant or unchanging.

observation

The process of studying of something to gain information.

inference

A conclusion made up of facts and inferring knowledge.

conclusion

The final ending or idea of a process

prediction

A statement about the hypothesis

qualitative observations

detailed examination with your senses only

quantitative observations

measuring something with numbers

homeostasis

Balancing human or any living organisms

metabolism

The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life

heredity

The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.

Golgi apparatus

packages proteins from the ER and materials and sends them to other parts of the cell

Smooth ER

network or tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface; functions in a variety of different metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipid and steroids; process drugs, alcohol, and store calcium ions

Rough ER

network of tubular membanes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a rough surface (ribosomes are attached to it); helps the ribosomes make proteins, such as insulin

Organelles

tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions

plasma membrane

forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings; made if phospholipids

nucleus

oval-shaped organelle that contains DNA and controls much of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis

mitochondrion

carries out cellular respiration; rod-shaped organelle that makes energy for the cell to function with; converts the energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP); "powerhouse" of cell

nucleolus

nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; makes rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes, which then exit to the cytoplasm

chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins that form within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; directs the cells' functions

vacuole

sac-like organelle that holds water, food and organisms; can also store waste products until removed

chloroplast

green structure that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy that cells can use in making food.

prokaryote

plant, bacteria or archea cell

eukaryote

animal cell with nucleus

plasmodesma

ribosomes

small grain-shaped organelle that produces proteins

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; found in animal cells

cytoplasm

the thick fluid region of a cell inside the membrane or next to the nucleus

lysosome

membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes; contains chemicals that break down bigger food particles so they can be used in the cell; also break down used cell parts. The cell's "recycling center".

cell wall

rigid layer surrounding the cells of plants

multicellular

made of many cells

unicellular

single-celled organism

centriole

small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way

phospholipid bilayer

thin membrane of lipid molecules

cytosol

part of cytoplasm not held by an organelle

cilia

the appendages that propel certain cells

cytoskeleton

networks of protein fibers that extend through the cell

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

why are cells so small?

smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials

flagella

a projection from a prokaryotic cell that propels it through its liquid environment

cellular metabolism

chemical activities of cells

nuclear envelope

double membrane enclosing the nucleus; controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus

where are ribosomes found?

free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope

endomembrane system

A system of membranes that are specific to a eukaryotic cell. Some are physically connected, while others link when vesicles transfer membrane segments between them.

vesicle

sacs made of membranes

what makes up the endomembrane system?

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

processes, warehouses and ships (outside and inside cell) ER products

cristae

folds in the mitochondria that increase the surface area and therefore its ability to produce ATP

ATP

Adenine Triphosphate - main energy source for cellular work

stroma

thylakoids

Plant Cell

What type of cell is this?

Animal Cell

What type of cell is this?

X) cell wall

Which of the following is NOT a structure found in human cells:
W) mitochondrion
X) cell wall
Y) lysosome
Z) peroxisome

Nucleus

What organelle functions to isolate a human cell's chromosomes from the cytoplasm?

Cell

What is the basic unit of life?

Chloroplast

In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?

Photosynthesis

It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:

DNA

What is the most common term for the biological polymer found in chromosomes that stores genetic information?

Osmosis

The spontaneous movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane in order to create equilibrium.

Nucleus

These structures are located inside of a cell's...

Body Systems

Sets of organs in our bodies that do the work to keep us healthy and alive.

cells

Small part of all living things.

Organs

Made of thousands of cells, connected by several body systems to do work to keep our bodies healthy & alive.

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen

photosynthesis equation(very important)

6CO2 + 6H2O --\> light energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

chloroplasts

A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose)
Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.

glucose

another name for sugar C6H12O6
three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide
used for energy and growth

sunlight

main source of energy

cellular respiration

C6H1206-\>CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released)
goal is to create ATP
occurs in all living things

mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP
a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy

Metabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.

Anabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

Catabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.

Herbivores

Organisms that eat only plants.

Carnivores

Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.

Omnivores

Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.

Producers

Organisms that produce their own food.

Consumers

Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.

Decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.