A&P all

six levels of organization (small to large)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

integumentary system

skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glandsthermoregulation, protection, secretion, senses

skeletal system

bones, joints, cartilage, ligamentssupports, protects, aids in movement

muscular system

musclesmoves body, generates heat, maintains posture

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organssense, nerve impulses

endocrine system

hormone producing glandsregulates hormones

cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vesselspumps blood

lymphatic system

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleenprovides immunity

respiratory system

lungs, pharynx, larynx, tracheaproduces sounds, oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

digestive system

stomach, intestines, anus, mouth, esophagusbreaks down food, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste

urinary system

ureters, bladder, urethraeliminates waste through urine

genital (reproductive) system

testes, ovaries, uterus, penisproduce sperm or eggs, form new organism

homeostasis

equilibrium in the body

negative feedback loop

stops a change in homeostasis

positive feedback loop

increases a change to a system until it eventually stops

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

spinal cord, formed by vertebral foramen

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura around the lungs

pericardial cavity

surround the heart; the serous membrane is the pericardium

mediastinum

small section behind lungs with heart, esophagus, and trachea

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, intestines; serous membrane

pelvic cavity

bladder, reproductive organs

oxygen (O)

part of water and many organic moleculesgenerates ATPcommon element

carbon (C)

part of all organic moleculesex: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)common element

nitrogen (N)

component of all proteins and nucleic acidscommon element

hydrogen (H)

constituent of water and most organic moleculescommon element

calcium (Ca)

makes up bones and helps constrict muscles for movement, also forms blood clots and regulates hormonestrace element

carbohydrates

\-made up of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides\-forms cell structure and is a quick energy source

lipids

\-types: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids\-forms cell structure, is a long term energy source

proteins

\-made up of amino acids, polypeptides, and enzymes\-form cell structure, aid in muscle contraction and immune response, and carry vital cells through body\-structure is an amino acid sequence

nucleic acids

\-DNA and RNA\-make up genetic code

3 main parts of a cell

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

membrane proteins

integral (transmembrane) and peripheral

intergral (transmembrane) proteins

act as channels on the plasma membrane to regulate permeability

peripheral proteins

bound to the surface of the membrane, they communicate and act as receptors

electrochemical gradient

diffusion gradient depending on the difference in concentration of ions and chemicals (atoms/elements) on either side of the plasma membrane

types of passive transport

simple diffusion, osmosis, channel facilitated diffusion, carrier facilitated diffusion

types of active transport

primary, secondary, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis

primary active transport

active transport that changes shape of a transporter protein using ATP to pump against concentration gradient

secondary active transport

active transport that changes shape of a transporter protein using stored energy to pump against concentration gradient

endocytosis types

phagocytosis, bulk-phase/pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

transcytosis

process that moves materials across a cell in a vesicle.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

transport things into the cell by using vesicles and transport proteins

phagocytosis

microbes attach to receptors, which carry in the microbes and then digest/get rid of them

bulk-phase endocytosis

"Cell drinking"; movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane to form a vesicle

four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

general features of epithelial tissue

kinds: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transformationalfunctions: filtration/diffusion, secretion, absorption, protection

general features of connective tissue

bind, support, strengthen tissue, protect and insulate internal organs, energy resource, transport blood, enhance immunity, secretes collagen, elastin, reticular fibers

general features of muscular tissue

produce body movement, thermoregulate, maintain posture3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

general features of nervous tissue

exhibits sensitivity to stimulus, converts stimulus to nerve impulses, conducts those to create actions

five types of cell junctions

1\. tight junctions 2\. adherens junctions 3\. desmosomes 4\. hemidesmosomes 5\. gap junctions

exocrine glands

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

merocrine glands

releases fluid through exocytosis, no part of the cell is damaged or lost (saliva)

apocrine glands

releases fluid and sweat from vesicles that are lost/decapitated from the cell body during secretion

holocrine glands

plasma membrane of cell ruptures, causing apoptosis and the entire cell to secrete onto the surface (oil, sebum)

gap junction

allows passage from one cell to another, electrical synapse (cardiac muscle)

hemidesmosome

anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basement membrane

desmosome

A general cell junction, used primarily for powerful adhesion so cells stay together (epidermis)

adherens junction

tight bond to prevent separation between cells (small intestine)

tight junction

forms very tight seal to prevent leaking (urinary bladder)

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cellsfunctions: filtration, secretion, diffusionlocation: kidneys, heart, air sacs of lungs, pericardium

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cellsfunctions: secretion and absorptionlocation: ovaries, ducts of glands, thyroid, pancreas

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of column-like cells

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

functions: moving substances out and around the bodylocation: uterus, bronchioles, uterine/fallopian tubes

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

functions: secretion and absorptionlocation: stomach, intestines

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

not stratified, just one layer of cells with nuclei at different depthsfunctions: absorption and secretionlocation: glands, upper respiratory airways (ciliated)

stratified squamous epithelium

two or more layers of cells, apical side is squamousfunctions: protection against abrasion, UV rays, and foreign invasion/microbeslocation: superficial layer of skin (keratinized), wet surfaces and tongue (nonkeratinized)

stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more layers of cuboidal cellsfunctions: protection and limited secretion and absorptionlocation: ducts of adult sweat glands, esophagus glands, part of male urethra

stratified columnar epithelium

VERY RAREtwo or more layers of cells, apical layer is columnarfunctions: protection and secretionlocation: part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands

transitional/urothelium

changes from relaxed (stratified cuboidal) to stretched (stratified squamous)functions: allow urinary organs to stretch and remain intact while not leaking or rupturinglocation: urinary organs

embryonic connective tissue types

mesenchyme and mucous

mesenchyme connective tissue

gives rise to all connective tissues, is composed of skin found during the development of the embryo

mucous connective tissue

umbilical cord of fetus for support

mature connective tissue types

connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, liquid connective tissue

connective tissue proper

flexible and contains a viscous ground substance with abundant fibersloose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

loose connective tissue

connective tissue properfibers loose between numerous cellsareolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissue

connective tissue propermore fibers, fewer cells for more structure

areolar connective tissue

connective tissue proper, looserandomly arranged fibers to provide strength, elasticity, and support

adipose connective tissue

connective tissue proper, loosestores fat with adipocytes and is an energy source as well as organ protector and heat reservekidneys, heart

reticular connective tissue

connective tissue proper, looseforms structure for organs, filters out old blood and microbescontains reticular fibers

dense regular connective tissue

connective tissue proper, denseregularly arranged collagen fibers in bundleshas many fibroblastsforms tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

connective tissue proper, denseirregularly arranged collagen fibershas few fibroblastsprovides pulling strength in many directionskidney, heart, liver

elastic connective tissue

connective tissue proper, denseelastic fibers with some fibroblastsallows stretching but is strong and returns to original shape

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bonehyaline, fibrous, elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

supporting connective tissueprovides smooth surface for joint movement, support and flexibilityfine collagen fibersweakest type

fibrous cartilage

supporting connective tissuesupports and joins structures collagen fibersstrongest type

elastic cartilage

supporting connective tissueelastic fibersprovides strength and elasticity

bone connective tissue

supporting connective tissuespongy and compactprovides structure for body and organ protection

liquid connective tissue

blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

6 life processes of humans

metabolism, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, differentiation

anatomy

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

physiology

the science of how the body and its parts work or function

layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep)

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

cells in the epidermis

keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages, tactile epithelial cells

keratinocytes

the most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin.