Med Terms II: Cardiovascular system

angi/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arter/o or arteri/o

artery

ather/o

yellowish plaque, fatty substances greek athere means porridge

arti/o

atrium, upper heart chamber

brachi/o

arm

cardi/o

heart

Cholesterol/o

cholesterol a lipid substance

coron/o

heart

cyan/o

blue

myx/o

mucus

ox/o

oxygen

pericardi/o

pericardium

phleb/o

vein

rrhythm/o

rhythm

sphygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

thromb/o

clot

valvul/o

valve

valv/o

valve

vas/o

vessel

vascul/o

vessel

ven/o or ven/i

vein

ventricul/o

lower heart chamber

what are the three types of blood vessels

arteries, veins, and capillaries

arteries

large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

what are the walls lined with

connective tissue, muscle tissue, elastic fibers, and epithelial cells

what do endothelial cells do and where are they found

found in all blood vessels, secrete factors that will determine size of the blood vessel and decrease clotting

why do arteries have to be strong with endothelium

due to the high pressure of the pumping action of the heart, pushing the blood into the arterial system through the body

arterioles

smaller and thinner than arteries and carry blood to the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries

capillaries

very thin walls/ one endothelial thick that carry oxygenated blood from the arteries and the arterioles to the body

where to veins carry blood

towards the heart

where do arteries carry blood

Away from the heart

why do capillaries have thin walls

it allows the passage of oxygen and nutrients out of the blood stream and into the cells

venules

go back to the heart to bring back the waste and join up with larger vessels called veins

veins

go back to the heart, carry waste and cells with less oxygen and less pressure involved on veins, so the wall is thinner and less flexible

valves

prevent the backflow of the blood and keep the blood moving in one direction in veins

endothelium

the innermost layer of the epithelial cell

oxygen

poor blood enters the heart through the 2 largest veins in the body, the venae cavae

superior vena cava

obtains oxygenated poor blood from the upper portion of the body

inferior vena cava

carries and obtains oxygenated poor blood from the lower part of the body

where does the oxygenated blood from the vena cava go

into the right atrium

what happens in the right atrium

it contracts to force the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

Why is the tricuspid valve important

it is a one way valve so then the blood flows in one direction. This helps so when the right ventricle is pumping the oxygenated poor blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery there wont be any backflow

what is the pulmonary artery’s job

to carry oxygenated deficient blood into each lung

how does oxygenated blood get back to the heart

via the pulmonary veins

what happens to oxygen deficient blood in the lungs

oxygen deficient blood releases excess carbon dioxide into the lungs to be exhaled, while oxygen enters the blood through the lung capillaries

where does newly oxygenated blood enter

the left atrium through pulmonary veins

what happens in the left atrium

it contracts and forces blood through the mitral valve and finally into the left ventricle

how does the oxygenated blood get out of the heart and into the body

the blood is pumped with a lot of force through the aortic valve and into the aorta and then through arteries to the rest of the body

why is the aortic valve important

it prevents backflow of aortic blood to the left ventricle

how are the 4 chambers of the heart seperated

septa (singular septum)

interatrial septum

seperates the 2 upper chambers (atria)

interventricular septum

muscular wall that seperates the 2 lower chambers (ventricles)

endocardium

a smooth layer of endothelial cells, lines the interior of the heart and heart valves

myocardium

middle muscular layer of the heart wall, the thickest layer

pericardium

a fibrous and membranous sac, surrounds the heart

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium

visceral and parietal

visceral

adhering to the heart

parietal

lining the outer fibrous coat

pericardial cavity

between the visceral and parietal pericardial layers, normally will contain 10 to 15ml of pericardial fluid which lubricates the membranes as the heart beats

what are the two phases of the heart beat

systole and diastole

systole

contraction- the first sound you hear “lubb”

diastole

relaxation- the second sound you hear “dubb”

what is the swishing sound of the heart

murmur

how does the heart beat start

a specialized muscle tissue in the posterior portion of the right atrium- where electrical impulse originates called sinoatrial node /SA NODE ot “the pacemaker” because it sets the pace of the heart

what path does the electrical impulse follow in the heart

start in the sinoatrial node, travels to the atrioventricular node, and then moves through the atrioventricular bundle

Atrioventricular bundle

divides into the left and right, contracts, this is the systole occuring where blood is pumped away from the heart, the diastole where the heart is at rest

Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)

a heart rhythm that originating at the SA node and travels through the heart

the deflections are called?

P, QRS, and T waves

P wave

spread of electrical wave over the atria just before contraction

QRS wave

spread of electrical wave over the ventricles as they contract

T waves

electrical recovery and relaxation of the ventricles

in an electrocardiogram what is one way medical professionals know if there was a heart attack

ST segment is elevated

Hypertension (HTN)

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

arrhythmias

abnormal heart rhythms

Bradycardia

slower heart rate (less than 60 bpm)

How does a heart block or partial heart block happen

when the SA node can not reach the AV node (full block) if this happens often with a missed beat in a regular pattern than it is a partial block

Implanted Cardiac Pacemaker

keeps the heart beating at the proper rate to overcome arrhythmias

flutter

rapid but regular heart rate

Fibrillation

very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contraction of the heart (350 bpm or more)

Atrial fibrillation

most common type of cardiac arrhythmias

ventricular fibrillation

electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles which may cause sudden stoppage of the heart muscle (and death)

Implantable cardioverter- defibrillator- ICD

a small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest near the collar bone to sense arrhythmias and terminates them with an electric shock

Catheter ablation

minimal treatment for cardiac arrhythmias

Congenital heart disease

abnormalities in the heart at birth

coarctation of the aorta

narrowing of the aorta

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

septal defects

small holes in the wall of the atria or the ventricles

tetralogy of fallot

congenital malformation involving four (tetra) distinct heart defects

what are the four tetralogy of fallot

pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, hypertrophy of the right ventricle

pulmonary artery stenosis

when the pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed

Ventricular septal defect

a large hole between the ventricles- allows blood to pass from the right to left ventricle and out the aorta without oxygenation

shift of the aorta to the right

oxygen poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

when the myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

coronary artery disease

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart/ fatty deposits in the arteries which is usually the cause of the disease

thrombotic occlusion

blocking of the coronary artery by a clot

ischemia

decreased blood flow or complete stop of blood flow