Chrisitianity exam

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109 Terms

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apostles

early followers of jesus who witnessed his return as the risen lord and were sent out into our world to proclaim him

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bishop

supervising priest of an ecclestatical district called diocese

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christ

messiah or annointed one

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episcopacy

foundational office of authority in early chrisitianity

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who were the first episcopacy

men who the original apostles delegared local authority in early christian communities

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gospel

news of redemption that hebrew prophets promised

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gospels are accounts of jesus’s life and attributed to

disciples mark, matthew, luke, john

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hersy

belief or practice that is contrary to accepted orthodoxy

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incarnation

embodiment of divine human form, christian teaching that god became human in the person of jesus

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logos

the “word” in the sense of eternal divine intelligence and purpose

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nicene creed

statement of faith agreed on at council of nicaea

  • one father, god, creator

    • jesus is one with god the father

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orthodoxy

straight way, correct belief in any church, the accepted doctrine

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saint paul

jewish convert to christianity who founded number of christian communities, wrote them letters of instruction and guidance

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pentecost

50th day after easter, commemorated as dramatic occaision when jesus’s followers experienced presence of holy spirit

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saint peter

prince of apostles, became first bishop of rome

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who became first bishop of rome

saint peter

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pope

head of roman catholic church

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synoptic gospels

gospels of matthew, mark, luke

  • had overlapping stories and themes

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trinity

doctrine that god exists in 3 persons or manifestations

  • father son and holy spirit

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atonement

idea that christ’s death restored hummanity to a right relationship with god, interpreted as divine victory over demonic power, satisfaction of divine justice or demonstration of moral example

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jesus’s sufferings atoned for our sins of the word and in doing so,

reconciled humanity with god, assuring possibility of salvation

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baptism

right of initiation into community

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eucharist

communion or mass, commemorates last meal jesus shared with disciples before death

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when did jesus begin ministry

30 years old

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when was jesus crucified

33 years old in 33 AD

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what are components of new testament

4 gospels and pauline epistles

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pauline epistles are

letters from paul to chrisitan community

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parables

stories illustrating moral or spiritual lesson, accounts of miracles, etc

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gospel of john was seen as

a theological essay proclaiming jesus’s identity of messiah

  • uses in the beggining like genesis

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what did jesus believe about establishment

anti establishement (critiqued sadduccees) and was counter temple

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pilate was

roman governor who presided trial of jesus, concerned about his job duties not the truth

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why did jewish and romans want to end jesus’s life

political establishment disagreed with jesus, was too controversial

  • jesus was anti establishment and counter temple

    • blasphemy (said he was messiah but they did not believe)

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Mark was

1st gospel that paved way for matthew and luke

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purpose of pauline epistles

gives instruction for chrisitan way of living

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approved letters of paul were about

jesus being the the jewish messiah and son of god

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the disputed letters of paul were about

focus on church and church’s place in larger world(written by paul’s followers)

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matthew focused on

geneology of jesus

  • son of christ, abraham, david (legal descent)

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luke was focused on

highlighting jesus’s divinity

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some individuals though that god’s covenent only applied for

members of jewish community and not gentiles

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matthew said jesus commanded disciples to

baptize gentiles and teach them (only in israel)

  • but expanded to embrace all followers

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what did paul’s epistles say about gentiles conforming to jewish norms

called a curse on those who require gentile circumcision, concensus that it was not required for gentiles

  • more debates

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what led to separation from rabbinic judaism

idea of whether or not gentiles should be included and if they are, should they follow jewish law

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what led to christian persecution

not giving sacrifices to emperor because they only acknowledge their god

  • some became pagan, some hid, some martyred

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what year did valerian emperor order deportation and execution of chrisitans

257

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who ordered restoration of church and chrisitian community

valerian’s son, gallienus

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when did emporer diocletian order court members to ban christian worship

298

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who was constantine

western empire emporer, great christian emperor

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what did constantine do for chrisitians

favored christian policies and made chrisitian membership more valubale

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what made constantine chrisitan

he saw a cross during battle and said god would give a victory, he won and became follower of christ

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jesus interpreted torah as

radical reformation of idea that god’s covenant applied only to members of jewish community

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how did paul expand jesus’s teachings

he interpreted them and had a universalizing plan

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what was paul’s universalizing plan

made membership in community depend of faith in jesus and it became emblematic for followers

  • faith in jesus—> worldwide religion distinct from judaism

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walking in christ means

those in christ who risen up to god

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early church recognized scripture as

writings associated with an apostle and were orthodox doctrine

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how many books recognized by early church

27 books

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septuagint

sacred jewish texts in greek translation were also considered authoritative

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monarchial bishop

guarantor of oral tradition that could be recieved upon

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councils of the church did what

settle theological disputes

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synods mean

councils w

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who met in councils to discuss problems to work out solutions

bishops met

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which 5 churches had special status

rome, alexandria, constantinople, anitoch, jerusalem

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what was center of western chruch

rome

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the 4 councils between 325 and 451 considered

ecumerical because both east and west accepted resolutions

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council of nicaea in 325

discussed if jesus was same as father or of similar substance

  • led to nicene creed and a split between east and west

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council of antioch in 341 and constantinople in 381

wanted to reverse nicaeal decision but did not happen

  • further division of eastern churches

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council of ephesus in 431

response to theological movement nestoriantism

  • nestorius argued that incarnate christ has 2 natures (divine and human) so mary cannot be mom of god

    • countil decided against it

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mary considered

theotokos (god bearer)

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council of chalcedon in 451

council affirmed decision of nicea and ephesus

maintained 2 natures of christ

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dyophysitism

2 natures of christ, human and divine and united in the trinity

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heresies

gnosticism, monatanism, docetism, peleganism

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traditionally gospel are

preached and then passed in writings (apostolic traditions)

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ministry

concrete expression of internal faith

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during apostles time, ministry was charism meaning

spiritual gift surfaced by context of social community

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episcopacy was the

foundational office

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who was episcopals chosen

disiciples who traveled to preach about ressurection appointed people to oversee community

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episcopals became

bishops

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bishops are considered

seed of church’s structure and authority

  • preached the word, oversaw, encouraged unity

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presbyters (elders)

became role of priests and were suboordinate to bishop

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deacon

supported bishop and service to poor and destitute

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rome and constantinople tension led to

schism between east and west

  • east and west became institutionally separate

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east believes that

sacred and secular live in harmony

popes are same as bishops/ orthodox priests

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west believed that

the pope is a successor of peter and there is dualism between sacred and secular

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role of women

  • authority at home, not at church

  • widows

    • 60 yrs, no husband, no support

  • deaconess

    • prepped females for baptism

  • ecclesiatical virgins

    • spiritual community for women with no support

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development of orthodoxy was

needed to clarify christianity

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claims about jesus in origin

  • jesus was the messiah son of david and abraham

    • angel gabriel told mary she will have jesus the messiah

  • jesus was a perfect parter to god

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what does john say about origin of jesus

incarnation and flesh of god’s word

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who wanted to kill jesus when he was born

herod,

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john the baptist

said that someone more powerful will baptize people with fire and holy spirit

  • said jesus needed to baptize him not other way around

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when jesus was baptized

heaven opened and saw spirit of god descending and aligning on him m

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why was jesus baptized

it related him to humanity and makes him become a walking temple, inauguration of his kingship

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why does jesus prove his might

to establish a covenant with people

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blessed are those who - means

this is how we should live according to jesus

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how did jesus complete tanak

he is messiah, all nations blessed through abraham

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jesus believed there is greater righteousness than the

scribes and pharisees

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teachings that show righteousness

no anger, lust, divorce, retaliation,

  • dont resist evil, have love and mercy

  • love enemies

  • dont judge

    • jesus is the judge on day of judgement

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claims of jesus

he is the son of man, healer of hearts, bridegroom, lord of sabbath, power over creation

  • emphasizes closeness and love

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jesus tells his disciples

i am the way the truth and if he goes to heaven with his father he will still be with them

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who betrayed jesus

judas

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meaning of son of man

prophecy of a king who appears as human of divine origin and given reign over all

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at dinner jesus blesses bread and wine, symbolizing

bread his body, wine his blood, giving body as a sacrifice and covenant