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apostles
early followers of jesus who witnessed his return as the risen lord and were sent out into our world to proclaim him
bishop
supervising priest of an ecclestatical district called diocese
christ
messiah or annointed one
episcopacy
foundational office of authority in early chrisitianity
who were the first episcopacy
men who the original apostles delegared local authority in early christian communities
gospel
news of redemption that hebrew prophets promised
gospels are accounts of jesus’s life and attributed to
disciples mark, matthew, luke, john
hersy
belief or practice that is contrary to accepted orthodoxy
incarnation
embodiment of divine human form, christian teaching that god became human in the person of jesus
logos
the “word” in the sense of eternal divine intelligence and purpose
nicene creed
statement of faith agreed on at council of nicaea
one father, god, creator
jesus is one with god the father
orthodoxy
straight way, correct belief in any church, the accepted doctrine
saint paul
jewish convert to christianity who founded number of christian communities, wrote them letters of instruction and guidance
pentecost
50th day after easter, commemorated as dramatic occaision when jesus’s followers experienced presence of holy spirit
saint peter
prince of apostles, became first bishop of rome
who became first bishop of rome
saint peter
pope
head of roman catholic church
synoptic gospels
gospels of matthew, mark, luke
had overlapping stories and themes
trinity
doctrine that god exists in 3 persons or manifestations
father son and holy spirit
atonement
idea that christ’s death restored hummanity to a right relationship with god, interpreted as divine victory over demonic power, satisfaction of divine justice or demonstration of moral example
jesus’s sufferings atoned for our sins of the word and in doing so,
reconciled humanity with god, assuring possibility of salvation
baptism
right of initiation into community
eucharist
communion or mass, commemorates last meal jesus shared with disciples before death
when did jesus begin ministry
30 years old
when was jesus crucified
33 years old in 33 AD
what are components of new testament
4 gospels and pauline epistles
pauline epistles are
letters from paul to chrisitan community
parables
stories illustrating moral or spiritual lesson, accounts of miracles, etc
gospel of john was seen as
a theological essay proclaiming jesus’s identity of messiah
uses in the beggining like genesis
what did jesus believe about establishment
anti establishement (critiqued sadduccees) and was counter temple
pilate was
roman governor who presided trial of jesus, concerned about his job duties not the truth
why did jewish and romans want to end jesus’s life
political establishment disagreed with jesus, was too controversial
jesus was anti establishment and counter temple
blasphemy (said he was messiah but they did not believe)
Mark was
1st gospel that paved way for matthew and luke
purpose of pauline epistles
gives instruction for chrisitan way of living
approved letters of paul were about
jesus being the the jewish messiah and son of god
the disputed letters of paul were about
focus on church and church’s place in larger world(written by paul’s followers)
matthew focused on
geneology of jesus
son of christ, abraham, david (legal descent)
luke was focused on
highlighting jesus’s divinity
some individuals though that god’s covenent only applied for
members of jewish community and not gentiles
matthew said jesus commanded disciples to
baptize gentiles and teach them (only in israel)
but expanded to embrace all followers
what did paul’s epistles say about gentiles conforming to jewish norms
called a curse on those who require gentile circumcision, concensus that it was not required for gentiles
more debates
what led to separation from rabbinic judaism
idea of whether or not gentiles should be included and if they are, should they follow jewish law
what led to christian persecution
not giving sacrifices to emperor because they only acknowledge their god
some became pagan, some hid, some martyred
what year did valerian emperor order deportation and execution of chrisitans
257
who ordered restoration of church and chrisitian community
valerian’s son, gallienus
when did emporer diocletian order court members to ban christian worship
298
who was constantine
western empire emporer, great christian emperor
what did constantine do for chrisitians
favored christian policies and made chrisitian membership more valubale
what made constantine chrisitan
he saw a cross during battle and said god would give a victory, he won and became follower of christ
jesus interpreted torah as
radical reformation of idea that god’s covenant applied only to members of jewish community
how did paul expand jesus’s teachings
he interpreted them and had a universalizing plan
what was paul’s universalizing plan
made membership in community depend of faith in jesus and it became emblematic for followers
faith in jesus—> worldwide religion distinct from judaism
walking in christ means
those in christ who risen up to god
early church recognized scripture as
writings associated with an apostle and were orthodox doctrine
how many books recognized by early church
27 books
septuagint
sacred jewish texts in greek translation were also considered authoritative
monarchial bishop
guarantor of oral tradition that could be recieved upon
councils of the church did what
settle theological disputes
synods mean
councils w
who met in councils to discuss problems to work out solutions
bishops met
which 5 churches had special status
rome, alexandria, constantinople, anitoch, jerusalem
what was center of western chruch
rome
the 4 councils between 325 and 451 considered
ecumerical because both east and west accepted resolutions
council of nicaea in 325
discussed if jesus was same as father or of similar substance
led to nicene creed and a split between east and west
council of antioch in 341 and constantinople in 381
wanted to reverse nicaeal decision but did not happen
further division of eastern churches
council of ephesus in 431
response to theological movement nestoriantism
nestorius argued that incarnate christ has 2 natures (divine and human) so mary cannot be mom of god
countil decided against it
mary considered
theotokos (god bearer)
council of chalcedon in 451
council affirmed decision of nicea and ephesus
maintained 2 natures of christ
dyophysitism
2 natures of christ, human and divine and united in the trinity
heresies
gnosticism, monatanism, docetism, peleganism
traditionally gospel are
preached and then passed in writings (apostolic traditions)
ministry
concrete expression of internal faith
during apostles time, ministry was charism meaning
spiritual gift surfaced by context of social community
episcopacy was the
foundational office
who was episcopals chosen
disiciples who traveled to preach about ressurection appointed people to oversee community
episcopals became
bishops
bishops are considered
seed of church’s structure and authority
preached the word, oversaw, encouraged unity
presbyters (elders)
became role of priests and were suboordinate to bishop
deacon
supported bishop and service to poor and destitute
rome and constantinople tension led to
schism between east and west
east and west became institutionally separate
east believes that
sacred and secular live in harmony
popes are same as bishops/ orthodox priests
west believed that
the pope is a successor of peter and there is dualism between sacred and secular
role of women
authority at home, not at church
widows
60 yrs, no husband, no support
deaconess
prepped females for baptism
ecclesiatical virgins
spiritual community for women with no support
development of orthodoxy was
needed to clarify christianity
claims about jesus in origin
jesus was the messiah son of david and abraham
angel gabriel told mary she will have jesus the messiah
jesus was a perfect parter to god
what does john say about origin of jesus
incarnation and flesh of god’s word
who wanted to kill jesus when he was born
herod,
john the baptist
said that someone more powerful will baptize people with fire and holy spirit
said jesus needed to baptize him not other way around
when jesus was baptized
heaven opened and saw spirit of god descending and aligning on him m
why was jesus baptized
it related him to humanity and makes him become a walking temple, inauguration of his kingship
why does jesus prove his might
to establish a covenant with people
blessed are those who - means
this is how we should live according to jesus
how did jesus complete tanak
he is messiah, all nations blessed through abraham
jesus believed there is greater righteousness than the
scribes and pharisees
teachings that show righteousness
no anger, lust, divorce, retaliation,
dont resist evil, have love and mercy
love enemies
dont judge
jesus is the judge on day of judgement
claims of jesus
he is the son of man, healer of hearts, bridegroom, lord of sabbath, power over creation
emphasizes closeness and love
jesus tells his disciples
i am the way the truth and if he goes to heaven with his father he will still be with them
who betrayed jesus
judas
meaning of son of man
prophecy of a king who appears as human of divine origin and given reign over all
at dinner jesus blesses bread and wine, symbolizing
bread his body, wine his blood, giving body as a sacrifice and covenant