Brain Scanning Techniques and Neuropsychology of Addiction

These flashcards cover key concepts related to brain scanning techniques, addiction, and theories of motivation as discussed in the lecture.

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A technique that measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp, showing brain wave patterns.

CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

A brain imaging technique that uses X-rays from various angles to produce images of brain structures, focusing on tissue density.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed structural images of the brain.

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

An extension of MRI that measures changes in blood oxygen levels to assess brain activity during tasks.

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

An imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to measure brain metabolism and neurotransmitter activity.

Mesolimbic Dopamine System

A brain system involved in reward and addiction, releasing dopamine during survival-related activities.

Hypofrontality

Reduced activity of the frontal cortex, which can affect decision-making and increase difficulty in resisting cravings in addiction.

Tolerance

A condition in which the brain adapts to a drug, requiring larger amounts to achieve the same pleasurable effect.

Depressants

A class of psychoactive drugs that slow down the nervous system, including substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines.

Stimulants

Psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, examples include cocaine, amphetamines, and caffeine.

Opioids

A class of drugs, such as heroin and morphine, that relieve pain and create euphoria by acting on opioid receptors.

Hallucinogens

Psychoactive substances like LSD and cannabis that alter perception and mood by interacting primarily with serotonin and cannabinoid receptors.

Instinct Theory

A theory of motivation that suggests certain behaviors are automatic and unlearned.

Drive Theory

A motivation theory focused on the need to maintain homeostasis; drives are created when there is an imbalance.

Incentive Theory

A motivation theory explaining how external rewards motivate behavior.

Arousal Theory

A theory stating that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation.