psych 3

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103 Terms

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Glial Cell
cell in the nervous system that: plays a role in formation of myelin and blood brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, enhances learning and memory
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Neuronal Membrane
covers entire cell and separates the inside from the outside environment
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Dendrite
receiving end of the neuron
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Cell Body
soma/central area; maintains cell's vital functions
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Axon
extends from cell body, sends messages to other neurons (messages go one-way only)
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Axon Terminal
end of axon; where neurotransmitter production and release happens
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Brain-communication
electro-chemical
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Synaptic Vesicles
small capsules that make neurotransmitter and release into the synaptic cleft
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Pre-synaptic Membrane
semi-permeable covering on the end of the axon terminal
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Synaptic Cleft
small space between axon and dendrite
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Post-synaptic Membrane
semi-permeable covering on the end of the dendrite
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Myelin
fat covering on axon
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Chemical Messengers
Neurotransmitters
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Serotonin
happy mood
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Dopamine
motor function and rewarding feeling
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Acetylcholine
muscle control and cortical (cortex) arousal
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Anadamide
pain reduction, increase appetite
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Norepinephrine
mood, hunger, sleep, adrenaline
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GABA
inhibitory
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
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Glutamate
information and learning
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Localizatio of Function
researcher's attempts to identify the function of each individual brain area (but areas likely work together to produce our perceptions)
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Forebrain (including cerebral cortex)
the site of most of the brain's conscious functions
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Corpus Callosum
bundle of nerve fibers connecting the cerebrum's two hemispheres
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Thalamus
area that relays nerve signals to the cerebral cortex; sensory gateway
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Hypothalamus
control the body's endocrine, or hormone-producing, system (controls emotions)
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Cerebellum
regulates balance and body control; balance and coordination
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Brain Stem
regulates control of involuntary functions, breathing, heart rate
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Frontal Lobe
motorfunction, language, memory, and executive function
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Motor Cortex
voluntary movement
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Prefrontal Cortex
thinking, planning, language, etc.
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Broca's Area
language production
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Parietal Lobe
somatosensory cortex: touch, pressure, pain information; spatial perception; object shape/orientation; integrates vision and touch input w/ motor output
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Temporal Lobe
hearing, understanding language, autobiographical memories
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Wernicke's Area
understanding speech
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Occipital Lobe
visual cortex: vision
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The Limbic System
emotional center
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Amygdala
threat sensor (sometimes hippocampus)
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Midbrain
contains limbic system
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)
regulates cortical arousal
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Hindbrain (brainstem)
between the spinal cord and midbrain
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Medulla
regulation of critical functions (heart rate, breathing, etc.)
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Ventricles
extend throughout the brain and spinal cord, carrying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which provides nutrition and cushion
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natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
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Allele
Different forms of a gene
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Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
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Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
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DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
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dominant gene
A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present
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Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
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Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
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Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by
recessive alleles
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Polygenic
describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes (most traits)
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Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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gene-environment interaction
situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
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range of reaction
asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall
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genetic environmental correlation
view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes
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Epigenetics
how the same genotype can be expressed different ways
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glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
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Neurons
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system, info processes
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Soma
cell body
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Axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
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what environment does a neuron exist
water
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threshold of excitation
the value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential
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dendrites
a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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action potentional
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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all or none law
the rule that neurons are either on or off
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peak of action potential
sodium channels close
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resisting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane.
positive outside, negative inside
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Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
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Repolarization
Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron
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action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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Biological Perspective
the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior
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Angonist
molecules similar enouch to a neurotransmitter that bind to its receptor and mimic its effects (example: morphine and codeine to endorphins)
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SSRIs
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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psychotropic medications
drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
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CNS (central nervous system)
brain and spinal cord
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PNS (peripheral nervous system)
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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somatic nervous system
Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
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efferent
motor neurons
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afferent
sensory neurons
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autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
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sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body for action in threatening situations
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parasympathetic nervous system
returns the body to normal after a response to stress
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fight or flight response
the initial reaction of the body to stress during the alarm stage part of sympathetic
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Where does the spinal cord end?
just below the ribs
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How many segments are in the spinal cord?
30
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cerebral cortex
uneven surface of the brain, patterns of folds know as gyri and the grooves are sulci
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longitudinal fissure
separates brain hemispheres
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Lateralization
specialization of function in each hemisphere (left and right)
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corpus callosum
a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
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Computerized Tomography (CT)
An imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images
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Position Emisson Tomography (PET)
scans of the living brain
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure
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functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A noninvasive imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels
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electroeencephalography (EEG)
process of recording electrical brain activity
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endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
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pituitary gland
the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth