AP psych unit 4

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

ex; you tell a funny story to the class and they laugh, you are more likely to tell that story again

classical conditioning

type of learning where two or more stimuli are linked tg to produce an automatic involuntary response

aquisition

initial stage when one links a NS snd and UCS so that the NS begins triggering the CR

higher-order conditioning

when the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS creating a second CS

extintion

diminishing of a conditioned response

conditioned response decreases/ disapears after a CS is no longer paired w a UCS

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of CR after a period of extinction

generalization

similar stimuli to the CS elicit similar responses

discrimination

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS snd similar stimuli

garcia effect

taste aversions are stronger than other types of conditioning & can be produced through a single pairing of CS snd UCS due to biological preparedness

operant conditioning

type of learning in which a behavior become more likely to recur if followed by reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by punishment

law of effect

behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to recur and behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to recur

operant chamber

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food/ water reinforcer

shaping

reinforcing behaviors close to target behavior until target behavior is reached

ex; rewarding a dog for rolling over 1/3 of the way, then 2/3, then finally all the way over

discrimination stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response after association w reinforcement

ex; not doing work for a certain class bc you know you wont be punished for it

positive reinforcement

adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior

negative reinforcement

removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior

ex; car stops beeping after you put on a seatbelt

primary reinforcer

innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need

ex; food & water

secondary reinforcer

stimuli that we have learned to value through association w primary reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through associated w a primary reinforcer

ex; tickets at an arcade, use tickets to buy prizes you want

continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforcing desired response every time it occurs

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition and greater resistance to extinction

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcing a response only after a specified number of responses

ex; giving a dog a treat every 3 times he uses the bathroom outside

variable ratio schedule

reinforcing a response after an unpredictable number of responses

ex; catching a fish after x amount of tries

fixed interval schedule

reinforcing a response only after a specific amount of time has elapsed

ex; hourly pay

variable interval schedule

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

token economy

system in which targeted behaviors are reinforced w token (secondary reinforcers) and later exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers)

ex; money

biofeedback

visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions

ex; hearing your heart rate will help lower it

preparedness

biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value

ex; phobias related to survival

instinctive drift

tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

vicarious reinforcement

tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviors that we see others get rewarded for

vicarious punishment

tendency to avoid behaviors we others punished for

cognitive map

mental representation of the layout of ones environment

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

intrinsic motivation

desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment

problem focused coping

alleviate stress by directly changing the stressor/ the way we interact w the stressor

ex; confronting the problem & not neglecting it

emotion focused coping

alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring stressor and attending to emotional needs first

learned helplessness

when people feel like they have no control over what happens they give up

ex; dog shock cage experiment

external locus of control

perception that outside forces beyond our control determine our fate

internal locus of control

perception that we control our own fate

mirror neurons

neurons that fire when observing other peoples actions (mirroring behavior of others)

prosocial behaviors

positive, constructive, helpful behaviors

antisocial behaviors

violent, aggressive, unhealthy behaviors

modeling

learning behaviors by observing others

social learning theory

people can learn by observing others in a social context

edward L thorndike

• developed law of effect

john garcia

• observed how rats that had been exposed to nausea causing radiation developed an aversion to flavored water

• garcia effect

robert rescorla

• said that cognition affects classical + operant conditioning

• contingency model

edward c tolman

• latent learning

• rat maze experiments

• cognitive map

albert bandura

• concluded that people learn behaviors through modeling and imitation

• bobo doll experiment

• social learning theory