GB3 Final

Vitellogenin

Yolk precursor in grasshoppers

Spermatogenesis produces…

4 sperm

Oogenesis produces…

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Internal fertilization

Eggs fertilized inside female’s body

External fertilization

Eggs fertilized outside female’s body

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on the parent.

Fission

A form of asexual reproduction where an individual splits into 2 or more identical clones

Fragmentation

Asexual reproduction where the regeneration of an entire individual from a broken piece

Parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction where an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg by mitosis, meiosis, or fusion of egg with polar body.

Viviparous

Embryo develops inside mother attached to placenta

Oviparous

Embryo develop in eggs outside mother

Ovoviviparous

Egg develops inside parent with no placenta

1st stage of embryogenesis

Zygote- 1 cell

2nd stage of embryogenesis

Cleavage- 1 cell becomes many cells

3rd stage of embryogenesis

Blastula- hollow ball of cells

4th stage of embryogenesis

Gastrulation- cells arranged into 3 germ layers

5th stage of embryogenesis

Organogenesis- 3 germ layers develop into organs

Cleavage

Stage of rapid cell division. Egg cytoplasm divided among daughter cells. # of cells increases, size stays the same, lots of mitosis

Syncytial cleavage

Insect cleavage, mitosis without cytokinesis, all nuclei share cytoplasm, membranes form later

Blastula

Hollow ball of cells

Blastomeres

Cells created during cleavage that make blastula

Blastocel

Empty space in blastula

Gastrulation

Cell movements and shape changes rearrange cells into tissue layers. Cells enter embryo through blastopore

Blastopore

1st opening into embryo, develops into mouth and/or anus (or neither)

Ectoderm

Forms epidermis, nervous system

Mesoderm

Forms muscles, bones

Endoderm

Forms gut

Osteopenia

Loss of bone density, early sign of osteoporosis

Osteoclast

4 nuclei, use collagenase enzyme to break down collagen in bones. Dissolve old/damaged bones

Osteoblast

Single nucleus, synthesize collagen, produce hydroxyapatite. Create new bone tissue

Nfe2L2

Transcription factor expressed in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) to defend cells

Micro CT

Micro-computed tomography, similar to CAT scan

Claude Bernard

Father of modern physiology

Physiology

Study of functions and mechanics in a living system, chemical and physical

Hydrostatic

Kind of skeletal system- fluid filled compartments under hydrostatic pressure. NO PROTECTION

Exoskeleton

External hard cuticle on surface, muscles attached through apodemes in skeleton. Made of polysaccharide chitin, molted

Endoskeleton

Hard, mineralized structures inside soft tissue. Muscles attached to skeleton

Bone

Connective tissue of hydroxyapatite and collagen

Hydroxyapatite

Formed from calcium phosphate and is a major component of bone mineral.

Collagen

Main structure protein of connective tissues

Calcification

Deposition of hydroxyapatite on collagen fiber matrix that crystalizes and hardens tissue

Compact bone

Outer layer of bone

Osteon

Cylindrical structure of minerals and living bone cells

Lamellae

Matrix of osteons that surround central (Haversian) canal of bone

Haversian canal

Central canal of bone, made of blood vessels and nerve fibers

Cancellous bone

Spongy inner layer of bone, contains blood vessels and trabeculae

Trabeculae

Lamellae of spongy bone, bone marrow between

Long bone

Diaphysis is the central shaft, epiphysis are the ends

Cuboidal bone

Short bones, tarsals and carpels

Flat bones

Protection and muscle attachments- roof of skull, scapula, ribs and sternum.

Irregular bones

Vertebrae, hip, skull bones

Sesamoid bones

Small flat bones inside tendons. Patella

Tendon

Fibrous connective tissue between muscle and bone

Sutural / wormial bones

Between skull bones

Main hexapoda trait

6 legs

Tagma

Functionally integrated groups of segments- head, thorax, abdomen

Head

6 segments for feeding and sensing. Antenna, mandible, maxilla, labium, labrum, hypopharynx

Thorax

3 segments for locomotion

Abdomen

~11 segments for reproduction and fat storage, gills

Non-insect hexapods

Collembola, diplora, protura.All have entognathus (internal) mouthparts

Collembola

Springtails. Jumping appendage called furcula

Diplura

Lack eyes, posterior appendages called cerci

Protura

Lack eyes and antenna, use front legs instead

Wingless insects

Silverfish, firebrats

Palaeoptera

Dragonflies, damselflies, mayflies

Polyneoptera

!Grasshoppers!, mantids, stick insects, termites, roaches

Paraneoptera

True bugs, aphids, thrips, lice, stink bugs

Holometabola

Flies, beetles, moths, wasps

Ametabolous

Nymph hatches from egg and looks like a mini adult. Molts several times as it grows. Sexually mature after # of molts, continue to molt through life. Non-insect hexapods, primitively wingless

Instar

Period between molts

Hemimetabolous

Nymph hatches from egg and looks mostly like mini adult, no wings or genitalia. Grow over several molts, genitalia during final instar, then no more molting. !Grasshoppers!

Holometabolous

Larva from egg looks nothing like adult. Molts into pupa, metamorphosis and body repatterns into adult body, molts into sexually reproductive adult w wings, then no more molting. Flies, bees, butterflies