Review Quiz #3

Units 7,8, & 9

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct theory

views our instincts as the source of our motivation (motivation to survive is most important motivation and the innate behaviors that aid survival drive our motivations)

instinct: a complex behavior that is rigidly battered throughout a species and is unlearned

arousal theory

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation; motivation is dictated by specific levels of ‘arousal"‘ (mental alertness)

our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal activates behaviors that has the psychological need

drive reduction theory

the idea that a psychological needs creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and leave the body to balance

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

self transcendence, self actualizations, esteem needs, love and belonging needs, safety needs, psychological needs

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood, glucose, around a particular level

internal motivated factors arise from a need to maintain a constant internal environment

james-lange theory

feelings follow bodily response; you feel sad because you are crying, not vice versa

cannon-bard theory

emotion triggers bodily response and emotional awareness simultaneously, but they aren’t related; pounding heart doesn’t cause fear, fear doesn’t cause pounding hearts

schachter singer theory

to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognically label the emotion (arousal); noticing an increased heart rate/trembling;labeling as anxiety

zajonc

we actually may have many emotional reactions apart from; or even before, our conscious interpretation of a situation

autonomic processing, autonomic roles for significant information “high road”

ledoux

sometimes our emotions take the ‘low road’, a neutral shortcut that bypasses the cortex (amygdala)

enables out quick emotional response by our intellect intervenes (may be unaware of response at first)

lazarus

our brain processes fast amounts of information without our conscious awareness and that some emotional responses don’t require conscious thinking

emotions arise when we appreciate an event as harmless or dangerous

affiliation

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of skills or ideas for control, and for attending a high standard (ppl w this achieve more)

obesity

a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

stressors

catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles (including social stressors)

alfred kinsey

survey of behaviors; asked about sexuality and writing about their experiences

masters and johnson

recorded the psychological response of volunteers who come to their lab to masterbate or have intercourse (sexual response cycle;excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution)

general adaptation syndrome

process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive, or negative

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

alarm

(mobilize resources); sympathetic nervous system activated; heart-rate increased; blood diverted to skeletal muscles; faintness of shock; resources mobilized, ready to fight back

resistance

(cope with stressors); temp, blood pressure, respiration all high; adrenaline glands pump hormones like blood-stream; fully engaged; after some times body’s reserved begin to dwindle (w no relief from stress)

exhaustion

(resources depleted); becomes vulnerable to illness, or even, in extreme cases, collapse and death

personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and actig

type a personality

friedman and rosenman’s term for competitive, hard driving impatient. verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

toxic core is negative emotions-especially anger associated with an aggressive reactive temperament

higher risk of heart issues

type b personality

friedman and rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

typically longer lives

less heart issues than type A

id

the storage of unconscious thoughts and these thoughts are all directed toward fulfilling sexual and aggressive drives

PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

ego

largely unconscious ‘executive’ part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

REALITY PRINCIPLE

superego

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations

regression

defense mechanism where individual faced with anxiety returns to an earlier psychosexual stage, or where they return to something comforting

reaction formation

when someone expresses an exaggerated opposite version of how they actually feel

orejudice

involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and discrimination

rationalization

when someone deices or comes up with a seemingly logical explanation to justify an event and avoid the true explanation

displacement

when someone takes their negative emotions and focuses them on a different, safer target

sublimation

re-channeling emotions into a socially acceptable activity

denial

not accepting the truth; refusing to accept the reality of something bad or upsetting

neo freudians

followers of Freud who took his ideas about the unconscious and expanded on them in a way that did not please freud (k.horney, a.adler, c.jung)

karen horney

idea that social and cultural conditions,particularly childhood experiences, have a powerful effect on later personality

childhood anxiety triggers out desire for love and security

opposed freud’s ideas that women have weak superego’s and ‘penish envy’

carl jung

agreed that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence

placed loss emphasis on social-factors

collective unconscious

for many people spiritual concerns are deeply routed and why people in different cultures share certain myths and cultures

TAT (thematic apperception test)

provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of sones inner dynamics

a test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

repression

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

rorschach inkblot test

uses monotone, symmetrical inkblot splatters as the ambiguous stimuli

carl rogers

believed that a growth-promoting social climate provides acceptance, genuineness, and empathy

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failures

subjective well being

perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

big 5 trait theory

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

MMPI personality test

standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology, oftenused to identify mental disorders

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences a behavior, internal cognition, and environment (everyone have their preferences)

self-serving bias

our tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external ones

facial feedback

using the muscles involved in a certain emotion will make you feel that emotion

behavior feedback

tendency of behavior influence our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

paul eckman

proposed that certain emotional expresions are universal across differet cultures

tend and befriend

behavioral reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats

relative deprivation

the belief that aperson will fel deprivedorenitles to something based on the comparison to someone else

adaptaion-level phenomenon

tendency people gave to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the normal

biopsychosocial model

integrated approach to psychology that incorporated three different perspectives and types of analysis; biological psychological, and social-cultural

risk and protective factors

characteristics at the biological psychological, family, community, or cultural level that precede and are associated with a higher likelihood of negative outcomes

characteristics associated with a lower likelihood of negative outcomes or that reduce a risk factors impact

DSM-5

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) actions (compulsions) or both

PTSD

characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feelings, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after trauma

major Depressive disorder

experience in the absence of drugs/another medication, 2 or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must either be 1) depressed mood or 2) loss of pleasure

bipolar disorder

disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over excited state of mania

mania

hyperactive,wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

schizophrenia

perceive things without a stimulation, which are termed hallucinations

conversion disorder

somatoform disorder that includes that presence of neurological symptoms without an identified cause

illness anxiety disorder

persistent anxiety or fear of developing or having a serious medical illness despite normal physical examination and laboratory testing results

dissociative identity disorder

occurs when usually as a result of early childhood trauma and abuse, someone has two or more distinct personalities rather than one integrated one

antisocial personality disorder

long-term patterns of behavior that disregard the rights and well-being of others

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually adolescents female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by executive exercise

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder In which a person’s binge eating (usually high calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weightless promoting behaviors, such as vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes followed by distress-disgust or guilt but without the compensating behavior that makes bulimia nervosa

psychotherapy

a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking either to overcome difficulties or to achieve personal growth

biomedical therapy

offers medications and other biological treatments. a person with severe depressive may receive anti-depressants, electroconvulsive shock, or deep brain stimulation

psychoanalysis

freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the pychonally, tradition views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences and seek to enhance self-insight

humanistic therapy

insight therapies, client-centered therapies, active listening, and unconditional positive regard

client-centered therapy

use techniques and active listening within in environment (humanistic)

eclectic approach

integration of several therapeutic strategies and techniques based on what will be most beneficial for the client

active listening

empathetic listening; listener echos, restates and clarifies; a[art of client-centered therapy

unconditional positive regard

caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude within Carl Rodgers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

behavior therapy

doubt the healing powers of self-awareness'

assume the problem behaviors are the problems (you can be aware of any you are mainly anxious during tests and still be anxious)

rational emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy (vigorously challenges people’s illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions)

cognative therapy

teaches people new, more, adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrate therapy that combines cognitive therapy; changing self-defeating thinking, with behavior therapy (tangling behavior)

group therapy

where one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group. it can be used to help people dealing with similar issues feel less alone in their struggles

family therapy

treats the family as a system; can help family members improve communications and resolve conflicts within the family unit

light exposure therapy

treats seasonal affected disorder; scientifically proven to be offered; exposed to daily doses of intense light. increases amount in the adrenal gland

antipsychotic drugs

used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

antianxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

antidepressants

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorder, OCD, and PTSD

mood stabilizers

committee manic out of control feelings that offered com with bipolar or other unconscious

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patterns

david rosenhan (diagnosis experiment)

experiment where people pretend to have hallucinations. highlighted potential dangers and inaccuracies of psychiatric diagnosis

hallucinations

vivid sensations that seem real even though they are not

delustions

victims believe others are continually persecuting them

thought disorder

includes derailment, pressured speech, poverty of speech, tangentiality, verbigeration, and thought blocking

social psychology

study of how other people and groups influence behavior and mental processes as well as how behavior and mental processes influence our experiences in social situations

cognative dissonance theory

when a disagreement between what we do an what we believe, we change our attitudes to reduce the cognitive dissonance or tension, that arise from that disagreement