chapter 14: remaining slides

limbic system

paired system of connecting structures encircling the thalamus and corpus callosum

* important in behavior and emotion (particularly those for survival)

limbic system includes

* cingulate gyrus
* hippocampus
* amygdala

the limbic system is closely associated

with the olfactory tracts

the connection of the limbic system to the hypothalamus makes

emotion-induced illnesses possible (psychosomatic illness)

the limbic system is also tightly connected

to the prefrontal cortex

basal nuclei

masses of gray matter buried in white matter

* involved in motor control

many of the “higher” order functions of the brain

occur “on” the cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex functions

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, complex motor control, language, mathematics, abstract thought

what of the cerebrum is associated with intelligence

size and complexity

the primary cortex

receives stimuli

association areas

interpret the stimuli and relate stimuli to past experiences

primary motor cortex

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

motor association area

basic movements → complete tasks

primary olfactory cortex/olfactory association area

sense of smell

prefrontal cortex

cognition, personality

broca’s area

speech, decision making, personality expression, moderating social behavior, planning voluntary motor activity

executive function of prefrontal cortex

create and hold information not currently in the environment (e.g. planning for the future)

attention/memory function of prefrontal cortex

important site for short term memory

speech production and language of prefrontal cortex

critical for interpreting language and planning linguistic responses

primary somatosensory cortex

sensory map of body

* touch/pressure and pain/temperature

somatosensory association area

put sensory info into context

* draws upon stored memory of sensory experience

motor homunculus

broad areas of primary motor cortex devoted to controlling movements of different body regions

somatosensory homunculus

broad areas of primary somatosensory cortex devoted to particular body regions

primary visual cortex

vision from retina

visual association area

put visual info into context (uses memory too)

primary auditory cortex

hearing (pitch, tone, etc)

auditory association area

recognizing and identifying sounds

primary gustatory cortex

taste from tongue receptors

gustatory association area

taste

visceral association area

visceral sensations

language is typically housed

in the left hemisphere of the brain

two major areas for language

* wernicke’s area- associated with language comprehension
* broca’s area- associated with language production

the emotional aspect of language is found

in the right hemisphere in a mirror location to wernicke and broca areas

opposite to broca’s area is the

affective language area

* damage here causes aprosody (flat, emotionless speech)

opposite to wernicke’s area

concerned with recognizing the emotion in other’s speech

aphasia

a language deficit from lesions to wernickle and broca areas

nonfluent (broca) aphasia

* lesion in broca area
* slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word

fluent (wernicke) aphasia

* lesion in wernicke area
* speech normal and excessive, but uses senseless jargon
* cannot comprehend written and spoken words