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Major depressive disorder/episode criteria
Moderate-to-severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixed episodes; Helplessness, sleep, forgetting to take care of yourself/others, lack of interest in activities/fun
Relapse
Return of the symptoms of a disorder after a fairly short period of time
Recurrence/recurrent
A new occurrence of a disorder after a remission of symptom; Term used to describe a disorder pattern that tends to come and go; An issue that persists overtime, wax and waning symptoms; never fully goes away
Seasonal affective disorder
Mood disorder involving at least two episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same time of year (most commonly fall or winter), with remission also occurring at the same time of year (most commonly spring).
Persistent depressive disorder
A new DSM-5 disorder that involves long-standing depressed mood (2 years or more); Symptoms are always present, whether they are severe or not
Aaron Beck's negative cognitive triad
depressed people have negative and hopeless thoughts or core beliefs about themselves, their experiences in the world, and their future
Selective abstraction
Focusing on the negative while ignoring the positive; gets an A on a paper, but only focuses on the critiques/negative comments
Seligman's learned helplessness model of depression
Giving up after having no more options
Rumination/Nolen-Hoeksema's ruminative response styles theory
Rumination and depression: people who are depressed tend to ruminate more, have longer periods of depressive symptoms
Stressful life events impact on onset of mood disorders/recurrences
Stress can make mental health worse, may cause an existing disorder come back/worsen, can lead to more severe forms of mental illness
Bipolar disorder
Mood disorders in which a person experiences both manic and depressive episodes
Suicide; Who attempts/completes
Women attempt more, men complete
Ages 18-24, 65+
Psychosis
Severe impairment in the ability to tell what is real and what is not real, central feature of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Onset: Ages 18-30; late adolescence/adulthood
Gender differences: More common and more severe in men
Causes: genetic predispositions, head injuries, problems/abnormalities in brain development, genetics + environment (No simple answer to what causes schizophrenia)
Goals of treatment: Prevent harm, control disturbed behavior., reduce the severity of psychosis and associated symptoms
Delusion
False belief about reality maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.
Thought-broadcasting delusion
Thinking that other people can read your mind, thoughts are being broadcasted to others
Thought-insertion delusion
The delusion that certain of one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather are inserted into one's mind.
Delusion of reference
false belief that external events, such as other people's actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself
Hallucinations
A sensory experience with no basis in reality
Disorganized speech
Style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence, frequent derailment, and a lack of typical logic patterns.
Catatonia
state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time; being stuck
Negative symptom
The absence of a symptom
Positive symptom
The occurrence/presence of a symptom; something being added to normal behavior or experience. Schizophrenia has a mixture of both negative and positive symptoms
Avolition
the inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed activity
Delusional disorder
Nurturing, giving voice to, and sometimes taking action on beliefs that are considered completely false by others; formerly called paranoia; Delusional disorder is distinguished from schizophrenia by the presence of delusions without any of the other symptoms of psychosis
Endophenotypes
discrete, measurable traits that are thought to be linked to specific genes that might be important in schizophrenia or other mental disorders
Cognitive remediation training
Help you deal with neurocognitive deficits; help improve patients' overall levels of functioning.
Major neurocognitive disorder associated with Alzheimer's disease
dementia
Symptoms: deterioration in memory, cognition, and basic self-care skills.
Onset Timeline:
Apathy
Loss of emotion/interest
Emotional blunting
Do not feel the full spectrum of emotions, feel numb
Impairment of orientation
Not sure what year it is or where you are
Impairment of emotional modulation
Cries over minor problems, easily blows up, cannot control how you respond to situations
Delirium
State of mental confusion characterized by relatively rapid onset of widespread disorganization of the higher mental processes, caused by a generalized disturbance in brain metabolism; Disturbs awareness of life around you
Parkinson's disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor problems (rigidity, tremors) and caused by destruction of dopamine neurons in the brain; second most common neurodegenerative disorder
Alzheimer's
Happens gradually, multiple cognitive deficits, happens slowly over time
Preserve brain/cognitive function
best way to do this is exercise
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Cannot predict symptoms
Leading cause: falling
Lasting symptoms: Inability to regulate emotions
Phineas Gage: What did his case teach us about personality and the brain?
Brain damage can lead to personality changes
anorexia binge eating/purging type
Eat in binges followed by self induced vomitting, using laxatives, excessively exercising, and/or using diuretics
anorexia restricting type
limit food intake & excessive exercise; giving illusion that they're eating
Bulimia
Frequent occurrence of binge-eating episodes accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating and recurrent inappropriate behavior such as purging or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.
Physical results/consequences: Tooth decay, dental cavities, mouth ulcers
Predictors of who develops it: hypercriticism from family
Difference between binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, purging type?
anorexia: underweight
bulimia: overweight
Eating disorders
Disorders of food ingestion, regurgitation, or attitude that affect health and well-being, such as anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating.
Differential diagnosis with personality traits is hard because
malnourishment can alter personality
Differences across different cultures (and how being exposed to white culture and middle class values closes the gap)
-Eating disorders are less common until exposed to western media/colonization
-Assimilation into white culture is associated with higher rates of eating disorders
Family therapy is important for eating disorder recovery because
-Parents emphasize control, perfectionism, and good physical appearance (anorexia)
-Family members make critical comments on another member's weight (bulimia)
-Family can be maintaining the disorder without meaning to
How does CBT help with eating disorders
The "behavioral" component of CBT for bulimia nervosa focuses on normalizing eating patterns. The "cognitive" element of the treatment is aimed at changing the cognitions and behaviors that initiate or perpetuate a binge cycle. Helps to reduce the severity of symptoms
Perfectionism and its role in eating disorders
Perfectionism may help maintain bulimic pathology through the rigid adherence to dieting that then drives the binge/purge cycle.
Gender differences with regard to body image and the ideal body type
-Men: homosexuality, seen more in LGBT+
-Women are more likely to be dissatisfied when comparing body types to the ideal type
Negative stereotyping with overweight/obese people
People who are obese are often judged harshly by others. They are routinely ridiculed, discriminated against, and stigmatized
Hard to study because
Harder to find people with anorexia (don't seek help) and they are more likely to drop out of the study early