ivc bio units 1-6

10 characteristics of life

10 characteristics of life

1 - programmed by DNA

2 - share same chemical composition ( organic molecules, mostly water, use atp)

3 - made up of at least one cell

4 - converts energy and matter in enzyme driven pathways

5 - highly organized

6 - grow and develop in specific patterns (seed → sprout → plant)

7 - reproduction, either asexual (complete) or sexual (partial)

8 - maintain relatively constant internal conditions (homeostasis)

9 - populations evolve genetically over time (gene frequency shifts)

10 - dependent on each other + environment ( e.g. carbon cycle)

organic

has at least one carbon to carbon bond

autotroph

produces their own food/organic molecules

heterotroph (includes decomposers)

consumes others organic molecules

ribosome

enzyme that manufactures proteins using mRNA

cytoplasm

watery liquid within the plasma membrane that makes up the interior of a cell

homeostasis

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions (e.g internal temperature → we sweat to cool ourselves down, shiver to warm ourselves uo)

mutation

a change in gene frequency through deletion or substitution of nucleotides in a sequence

evolution

changes in gene frequency in a population over time, occurs through mutation and/or dominant vs recessive genes becoming the prevalent trait

experiment

a controlled set of experiences to test a scientific idea

empirical

relating to the senses

variable

something that changes in value during the course of experiment

hypothesis

an idea that can be scientifically tested

theory

a set of statements based on tested scientific facts that acts to describe, explain, or predict aspects of a given phenomenon. these are constantly updated

some of the 15+ senses

• tensile (weight, determined my stretch receptors in tendons)

• balance

• thermal 1 (hotter) and thermal 2 (colder)

• humidity

• pressure

• vestibular 1 (am I moving? what direction)

• vestibular 2 (am I rotating?)

scientific method

1. empirical observations

2. forming hypothesis

3. running a series of experiments

4. make conclusions based on data

5. publication + peer review

6. more testing

7. theory building

control

a control group in an experiment is a group thats identical to the experimental group, apart from the experimental variable. say, testing fertilizer on plants. the control group is the same plant species, with the same sunlight, water, environment conditions, etc. those variables are controlled. the only thing that changes is the fertilizer.

this ensures that the results of the experiments are caused by the experimental variable (fertilizer) not any other factors.

nature of science

relies on probability based conclusions, not absolute truth → this is because new information will update what is considered “scientific fact”

“there is 95% this is true based on the experiment we’ve done and the information we have:

atom

smallest component of an element that retains the properties of that element

element

substances that cant be broken down into other substances

matter

anything that takes up space + has mass

substance

particular kinds of matter with identifiable physical/chemical properties

→ e.g. : iron, glucose, mud, salt, literally anything

compound

a molecule with different elements in a fixed ration (e.g.: water is always 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygens)

major 4 elements

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

minor 3 elements

phosphorous, potassium, sulfur

radiation

when an unstable nuclei emits subatomic particles (e.g.: throws off neutrons)

half-life

the amount of time it will take for a radioactive substance to decay to half of it’s initial value

radiations effect on living things

kills cells, damages tissues and DNA, causes cancer (leukemia from atomic bomb), and death

learning objective four ( what do protons, electrons, and neutrons change within atom?)

protons → change elemnt identity, atomic number, contribute to atomic mass

neutrons → contribute to atomic mass, determine isotope

electrons → form ions, determine the number of possible bonds an atom can form

electrolyte

disassociated, dissolved ions

valence shell

the outermost shell of electrons

chemical bond

an attraction between 2+ atoms from sharing/transfer of electrons

molecule

2+ atoms united by chemical bonding

organic molecules

molecules with at least one carbon to carbon bond

isomer

two molecules with the same atoms arranged in a different structure

amphiphatic

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

hormone

compound produced by cells in one organ/tissue that is transported within the organism to stimulate cells in another organ/tissue

four functions of carbs with specific examples

• quick energy with monosaccharides (glucose)

• energy transfer with disaccharides (lactose)

• long term energy storage with glycogen

• plant wall structure with cellulose

four functions of lipids with specific examples

• long term energy storage with triglycerides

• lubricant for skin, hair, feathers (unsaturated)

• makes up plasma membrane in cells (phospholipids + cholesterol)

• makes up our arteries (saturated fat)

four functions of proteins

• transports oxygen through our blood (hemoglobin)

• digests lactose (lactase)

• instructs cells to open up and let glucose in, regulating blood sugar and feeding cells (insulin)

• forms hair, scales, and feathers (keratin)

unsaturated fats

oily at room temperature, has at least one double carbon bond, kinked chain, and mostly plant sourced

saturated bond

solid at room temperature (think butter!) , stackable, no double carbon bond, and mostly animal sourced

cis vs trans configuration

cis is both things on one side, trans is where theyre on opposite sides

three positive functions of cholesterol

1. makes all hormones

2. precusor to vitamin D

3. protects artery walls from inflammation by forming an arterial plaque layer

one drawback to cholesterol

too much arterial plaque building from low density lipoproteins (big packages of cholesterol) can clog arteries, resulting in a heart attack

carb monomer and polymer

monomer: monosaccharide

polymer: polysaccharide

fats monomer and polymer

monomer: 3 fatty acids + glycerol

polymer: triglyceride

phospholipid monomer and polymer

monomer: 2 fatty acid, glyerol, phosphate group, and choline group

polymer: phospholipid

protein monomer and polymer

monomer: amino acid

polymer: polypeptide

nucleic acid

monomer: nucleotides

polymer: polynucleotide

primary structure of protein structure

made up of peptide bonds, in a linear chain

secondary structure of protein structure

formed by hydrogen bonds in helices, pleated sheets, and random coils

tertiary state of protein structure

made up of ionic bonds, sulfur bonds, hydrophilic+hydrophobic interactions, and forms a globular or fibrous shape

what does water dissolve?

water dissolves polar solutes, because water itself is a polar molecule. this is because the attraction forces between the polar solute and solvent pull the solute apart, helping the solute break down and dissolve.

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it doesn’t dissolve non-polar hydrophilic molecules, thus it is not a universal solvent

solute

collection of particles

solvent

liquid

solution

solute dissolved in water

why is water resistant to vaporization?

oxygen has high electronegativity, hydrogen has low, thus the bonds between them are polar covalent.

water is polar, thus it has hydrogen “bonds” with itself. the positive oxygen on water is attracted to negative hydrogens on other water molecules. when enough heat hits one molecule to make it vaporize for its 18 daltons of weight, that heat is dispersed through the network of hydrogen bonds.

think like, you’re trying to lift a really heavy weight by yourself. with one person, you’ll get crushed, but with multiple people supporting the weight, you’re fine. the heat is being shared, the same way the weight is being shared.

but if there is too much heat, and all the water molecules are already carrying so much heat that you can’t just pass it off anymore, then the hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules in place, preventing them from vaporizing.

it’s like if the group of people are all handcuffed together as they try to support the weight, and the weight has to be strong enough (or for water, the heat has to be hot enough) to break those bonds in order for the water to finally vaporize, thus, making it very resistant to vaporization for its small size.

polarity

the possession of an axial distribution of charge

heat

total molecular motion in a system

temperature

average molecular motion of a system

electronegativity

tendency to attract electrons

hydrogen bonding

NOT AN ACTUAL BOND, SO ELECTRONS ARE BEING SHARED OR TRANSFERRED

its simply the electromagnetic attraction between a partially positive hydrogen of one molecule and the partially negative atom of another molecule

cohesiveness

the ability for a substance to stick to itself

(if you put a droplet of it on a surface, does it hold itself into a droplet, or does it immediately collapse into a puddle?)

vaporization

two types:

evaporation where vapor forms at surface and its heated from above

boiling where vapor forms in pockets within the liquid (the little bubbles) and it’s heated from below

adhesiveness

how well does it stick to other similar subtances, for example other charged substances

e.g.: water on glass ( i think dont quote me )

evapotranspiration

the thing with the trees with a big water chain pulled up by hydrogen bonds and water in leaves going up the tree trunk.

surface tension

the tension at the surface of a liquid. water must bond in a flat plane at the surface, which is calle d the lamination effect. this flat plane is what makes belly flopping very painful.

what is waters density as it freezes and why does it matter?

when water freezes, it must form a lattice structure, creating pockets of empty space between molecules. this means it has lower density, which allows it to expand and float as it freezes.

this is cool for lakes, because the fish still get to live when lakes freeze over

this is not cool for us, because when we freeze, the water in our bodies and cells expand, killing us.

more useful energy is….

more organized, more predictable, more concentrated, less random (e.g.: gasoline)

less usable energy is…

less organized, less predictable, less concentrated, more random (e.g.: CO2)

First Law of Thermodynamics

energy can be converted, but not created or destroyed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

everytime we convert energy some is converted to a less usable form

photon

light. some people say its a weightless particle, some people say its a wave. for now, it’s just light.

energy

the ability to do “work” → move matter through space

calorie

enough energy to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius

equation for photosynthesis

6(H2O) + 6(CO2) —photons→ C6H12O6 + 6(O2)

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6(O2) → 36 ATP + 6(CO2) + 6(H2O)

what does ATP do

it’s the it girl of energy sources. it’s what all living things run off of.

trophic efficiency

energy gained/energy available