lang unit 1 metalanguage

context

the setting

time, and place

circumstances in which the message is being communicated

message

whats being communicated

addresser

person delivering the message

addressee

audience receiving the message

contact

the channel through which the addresser and addressee communicate

code

a system of signs (a language) common to the addresser and addressee

jakobsens functions

1. referential

2. emotive

3. conative

4. poetic

5. phatic

6. metalinguistic

referential function

sharing information (can be true or false)

emotive function

express emotions and desires

conative fucntion

directions and commands

(can be in form of questions and suggestions)

poetic function

using language for its own sake

phatic function

create and maintain social connections

establishes, prolongs or ends communication

metalinguistic function

describing language itself

register

language variation according to its use

pertains to the semantic domain

tenor

relationship between participants as conveyed through the language

audience

intended recipients

cultural context

attitudes, values and beliefs of the author and their audience influence the ways the text is constructed

situational context

everything outside of the text that influences the language being used within; the circumstances of the text

• field

• setting

• language mode

• text type

authorial intent

what the author tries to achieve with a text, level of preparedness

morphology

study of structure of words

morpheme

smallest meaningful unit within a lexeme

root

base word, carries original meaning of lexeme

affix

prefixes and suffixes that are attaches to the stem/root

bound morphemes

derivational morpheme

alter word class and/or meaning of the stem

inflectional morpheme

add grammatical information to the stem

what are the inflectional morphemes

1. -es

2. -ed

3. -ing

4. -en/n

5. -er

6. -est

7. -s

8. -’s

lexicology

study of lexemes/whole words

content words

able to get new ones

carry meaning in the sentence

function words

purpose contributes to syntax rather than meaning

concrete noun

physical, tangible object

abstract noun

concepts

collective noun

gathering objects

eg. gaggle of geese

mass noun

ending doesnt change depending on volume

eg. some money, lots of money

count noun

ending changes depending on volume

eg. one dollar, two dollars

tense

when actions occurred

participle

the actions themselves

auxiliary verbs

indicating something happening

can, could

modal verb

auxiliary verb that indicates necessity or possibility

must, will

conjunction

joins two parts of a sentence

preposition

description of positions

determiner

descrbes number before the noun

the, those

interjection

used to call out and interrupt

sentence types

interrogative

declarative

imperative

exclamative

interrogative

questions

declarative

statement

imperative

command instruction or suggested actions

exclamative

exclamation of emotion

verbless

syntax

sentence structure

clause

subject + predicate

sentence

multiple clauses

phrase

words in group create a single idea

noun phrase

describes the noun

verb phrase

include one content verb and any auxiliaries

adverb phrase

adverb/s to modify the verb or predicate

adjust time, manner or frequency

prepositional phrase

preposition at head of noun phrase

adjective phrase

group of stand alone adjectives

predicate

the words in a sentence or clause that describe the action but not the subject

sentence fragment

incomplete clause

simple sentence

single clause

compound sentence

two or more main clauses

coordination

FANBOYS

complex sentences

one main clause and one or more dependent clause

subordination

compound-complex sentences

two main clauses and one or more dependent clause

coordination + subordination

semantics

study of meaning

denotation

dictionary/literary meaning of a word

connotation

cultural baggage that words collect through their usage

semantic domain

a group or range of words that have related meanings

inference

an implication that a reader picks up on beyond the explicit denotations and connotations

reliant on prior (cultural) knowledge of audience

phonetics

study of patterns of sound

prosodic features

the acoustic elements of our voices that affect the sequence of the phonemes

IPA

internationally standardised set of symbols used to represent all of the sounds presented in the worlds language

what are the prosodic features

• pitch

• intonation

• volume

• tempo

• stress

pitch

height of sound

volume

loud or quiet

intonation

rising and falling

tempo

pace

slow or fast

stress

emphasis on words or structures

discourse and pragmatics

how meaning is constructed in a particular discourse in a specific context

includes paralinguistic features that impact interpretation of the speakers intended meaning

paralinguistic features

not within the language but impact meaning

eg body language

object

receives the verb

adverbial

adds additional information to modify the predicate

• time

• place

• manner

• frequency

complement

provides essential information to complete the clause

sentence doesn’t make sense without it