• All research has the potential for flaws and bias

• These are a few of the most notable obstacles to research

Confounding Variables

• Factors that interfere or influence a study that were not intended or expected

Placebo Effect

• An expectation that a substance or an action given during an experiment has a real effect

Participant Bias

• Conscious or unconscious behavior that will ensure a research outcome fits a participant’s expectations or what they perceive the researcher to want

• This can be fixed by conducting a single-blind procedure

  • In which the subjects don’t know which of them has received the treatment, who has received placebo, and who is control

Experimental/Researcher Bias

• Consciously or unconsciously conducting research to ensure the outcome fits the researcher’s expectations

• This can be avoided by conducting a double-blind procedure

  • In which neither the research or participant know who has received treatment/placebo/control