AP Psych Unit 4 V1

Person perception

How we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior.

Attribution theory

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation (situational attribution) or the person’s stable traits (dispositional attribution).

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition when analyzing others’ behavior.

Actor-observer bias

The tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, while observers attribute others’ behavior to internal causes.

Prejudice

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members, involving negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Stereotype

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Just-world phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe the world is just, resulting in the belief that people get what they deserve.

Social identity

The 'we' aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to 'Who am I?' that comes from our group memberships.

Ingroup

People with whom we share a common identity.

Outgroup

Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Ingroup bias

The tendency to favor our own group.

Scapegoat theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Attitudes

Feelings, often influenced by beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Role

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in that position ought to behave.

Cognitive dissonance theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts are inconsistent.

Persuasion

Changing people’s attitudes, potentially influencing their actions.

Peripheral route persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Central route persuasion

Occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments.

Norms

Society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior.

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Normative social influence

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informational social influence

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Obedience

Complying with an order or command.

Social facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Social loafing

The tendency for individuals in a group to exert less effort toward a common goal than when individually accountable.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Group polarization

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Culture

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Tight culture

A place with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms.

Loose culture

A place with flexible and informal norms.

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

Frustration-aggression principle

The principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Social script

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Mere exposure effect

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.

Passionate love

An intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.

Companionate love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Equity

A condition in which people receive in proportion to what they give to a relationship.

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Bystander effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Social exchange theory

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing costs.

Reciprocity norm

An expectation that people will help those who have helped them.

Social-responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those needing their help.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Social trap

A situation in which two parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior by pursuing their self-interest.

Mirror-image perceptions

Mutual views often held by conflicting parties, seeing themselves as ethical and peaceful while viewing others as evil.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation.

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.