Unit 7A Terms

Bull Moose Party

A third-party movement led by former President Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election, officially known as the Progressive Party.

17th Amendment

Ratified in 1913, it allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote instead of by state legislatures.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election, emphasizing social justice and economic welfare.

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses of power in politics and business.

18th Amendment

Ratified in 1919, it established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, later repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform in the 1912 presidential election that advocated for small government and antitrust legislation.

Hull House

Founded by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889, it was a settlement house that provided social and educational opportunities for working-class people.

19th Amendment

Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote in the United States.

Conservation

Focuses on the sustainable use and management of natural resources.

Preservation

Aims to protect nature from use and maintain it in its pristine state.

Jacob Riis

A muckraking journalist and photographer known for his work "How the Other Half Lives," which highlighted the poor living conditions in New York City slums.

Atlanta Compromise

An agreement proposed by Booker T. Washington in 1895, suggesting that African Americans should accept segregation and disenfranchisement in exchange for economic opportunities and education.

Federal Reserve System (1913)

The central banking system of the United States, established by the Federal Reserve Act to provide a centralized and more stable monetary and financial system.

Upton Sinclair

An author and muckraker best known for his novel "The Jungle," which exposed the harsh conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights and eliminate racial discrimination.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

A law that strengthened earlier antitrust legislation, aimed at preventing monopolies and promoting fair competition.

Food & Drug Act (1906)

A law that prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs, leading to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

United Mine Workers Strike

Labor strikes aimed at securing better wages, shorter workdays, and improved working conditions for coal miners, notably the 1902 coal strike which led to intervention by President Theodore Roosevelt.

16th Amendment

Ratified in 1913, it gave Congress the power to levy an income tax.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which aimed at ensuring fairness for workers, consumers, and big businesses.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A powerful U.S. Senator who was a strong advocate of American expansionism and opposed the League of Nations.

Big Stick Diplomacy

President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy principle implying the use of military power for diplomatic objectives.

Liberty Bonds

War bonds sold in the United States to support the Allied cause in World War I, heavily promoted by the government.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A U.S. Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea power influenced naval strategies worldwide.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American countries to stabilize them.

War Industries Board

A U.S. government agency during World War I that coordinated the production of war materials and the distribution of resources.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized or exaggerated news reporting that emerged in the late 19th century, often associated with the Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution that allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs and establish naval bases on the island.

Great Migration

The movement of over six million African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970.

de Lome Letter

A letter written by the Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. criticizing President McKinley, which was leaked and fueled anti-Spanish sentiment before the Spanish-American War.

Panama Canal

A man-made waterway completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which was a strategic and economic boon for the United States.

Committee on Public Information

A U.S. government agency created during World War I to influence public opinion and promote support for the war effort through propaganda.

Remember the Maine

A rallying cry during the Spanish-American War after the U.S. battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to U.S. intervention in Cuba.

Dollar Diplomacy

President William Howard Taft's foreign policy, which aimed to further U.S. interests overseas through economic influence rather than military intervention.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles, aimed at maintaining world peace, which the U.S. ultimately did not join.

Jones Act

A 1917 law granting U.S. citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico and allowing them to elect their own legislature.

Sedition Act (1918)

An extension of the Espionage Act that further restricted free speech by criminalizing anti-war and anti-government expressions during World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany and set the stage for future conflicts.

Josiah Strong

A Protestant clergyman and author known for his advocacy of American imperialism and the belief that Anglo-Saxons were destined to civilize the world.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the United States, intercepted by the British and used to garner U.S. support for entering World War I.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy proposed by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, advocating for equal trading rights for all nations in China and the protection of its territorial integrity.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

The U.S. armed forces sent to Europe during World War I, led by General John J. Pershing, playing a crucial role in the final victory of the Allies.