Chapter 7-8

Early 1800s Educations

• republicans believed a national system of public schools (for white men) was essential to have an educated citizenry, however not until 1815 did any state have a comprehensive public school system

• education came mostly from private institutions; in the south and mid-Atlantic many schools were religious

• idea of republican motherhood introduced need for education of women, schools for women opened + some states allowed women in public school

• white americans believed natives could be “cultured” through white education

• African Americans mostly received no education

• a small increase in universities

Medicine and Science

* Univ of Pensylvania: first american med school in the 1700s
* ==most doctors still trained by apprenticeship==
* medicine was very untrustworthy and had no uniformity by this point

Cultural Aspirations in the early republic

* republicans hoped america could create a big ==national identity== esp within literary and artistic developments - nationalism
* ppl wanted the country to have it’s own textbooks to prevent infleunce of English aristocratic ideas
* ==Noah Webster==: introduced americanized spelling of words
* ==American authors struggled== to get publiches b/c publishers preffered popular english works

Washigton Irving

* ==first succesful breakthrough american author==
* folktales set in historical america

Religious Skepticism

* ==separation of church and state weakened traditional religion==: less americans were part of a formal churc
* increase in ==deism==: god created universe but now wasn’t involved
* increase in ==religious skepticism/religious rationalism== and decline in organized religion
* ==universalism== (James Murray)and ==unitarianism==: salvation open to everyone; rejected holy trinity

The Second Great Awakening

* reaction to religious rationalism
* ==presbyterians, methodists, and baptist== tried to increase faith w/ ==itinerant preachers==
* ==incorporated egalitarian and republican principles== - massive increase in evangelicalism
* Methodism and Baptism increased a lot
* “camp meetings” caused religious frenzies
* rejected predestination
* ==women and POC embraced revivalism==
* ==Natives incorporated it to some extent== (Neolin and ==Handsome Lake==)

Industry/Tech in America

* ==immigrants brought advanced english tech== to the us
* increased mechanization and industrialization
* us dominated ==machine tool industry==
* ==Robert Fulton’s steamboat== - increased interstate transport

Eli Whitney

* revolutionized cotton production w/ the ==cotton gin==
* resulted in the expansion of the cotton industry in the south and the further ==ingraining of slavery in the southern economy==
* ==makes cotton a viable cash crop==
* made most $$ from making ==weapons with interchangeable parts== (much more cost effective)

The Turnpike Era

* ==for== ==profit roads== (tolls)
* short and only in populated areas
* sponsored by ==state gov or private corporations/investors==

Shipping

* rapid ==growth of American shipping==
* congress passed ==two tariff bills giving preference to American ships in American ports==
* ==war in Europe gave Americans the opportunity to increase shipping==

The Rising Cities

* US remained ==mostly rural and agrarian nation==
* few people lives in cities and towns (compared to europe)
* regardless: increasing population + developed urban culture (==affluence==)
* port cities = wealthy

Jefferson: the “People’s President”

* Jefferson presented as a very layed-back ==“man of the ppl”== - wanted to humanize the president
* ==gave most gov positions to republicans==
* he ==won reelection== in 1804 by a massive majority - ==both houses in congress were a republican majority==

Republican Financial Policies

* republicans wanted to ==lower federal expenditures and taxes==
* 1802: ==abolished all internal taxes== (maintained import duties + land sales)
* Sec of Treasury Albert Gallatin reduced government spending - ==cut national debt in half==

US Military under Jefferson

* Jefferson ==decreased armed forces== but he e==stablished the US military academy @ west point==
* conflict arose w/the Barbary States (==Barbary Wars==) who asked for $$ for countries to be able to sail the medditeranean - jefferson refused so leader of Tripoli declared war
* Jefferson built up American fleets
* agreement was reached in 1805: americans no longer had to pay tributes but had to pay $60,000 for release of american prisoners

Judicial Branch under Jefferson

* Judicial Branch was ==the only branch still in the hands of Federalists==
* John Marshall = Chief Justice
* ==helped grow the power of the judicial branch== to be equal to the legislative and executive
* ==Republicans repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801== thus eliminating Adams’ “midnight appointments”
* Jefferson got Congress to impeach a district judge and Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase (house impeached him, senate didn’t convict him)
* set precedent that impeachment could not be used as a partisan political weapon

Marbury v. Madison

• court case filed by one of Adams’ midnight appointments when Madison refused to give him his appointment

• court ruled Marbury had the right to his appointment but the court couldn’t make Madison deliver it

• Court decided that the Act of 1789’s provision that the court could compel executive officials was unconstitution

• by doing so they created a much large precedent: the court has the power to nullify congress (Judicial Review)

Change in French Land

• Napoleon gained control of the Louisianna Territory from Spain in the secret treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800

• France lost control of some carribean islands b/c of the Haitian revolution led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, Napoleon crushed the revolt temporarily but had trouble cus yellow fever decimated the French army

  • Americans ratified the Franco-American settlement of 1800 saying that they wouldn’t support the revs in Saint Domingo

Lead up to the Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson’s opinion of the French soured when he heard of the secret transfer of the Louisiana Territory and when the Spanish forbade use of New Orleans region of the Mississippi

• in response, Jefferson and Robert Livingston (American ambassador to Paris) decided to try to buy the Louisiana Territory

• Jefferson increased army + construction of river fleet and gave impression that US would ally with GB to descend on New Orleans

• Napoleon decided to accept the offer (cause he didn’t have the resources to continue the expansion of his new US empire)

The Louisiana Purchase

• Livingston and Monroe accepted Napoleon’s offer for the purchase of all of the Louisiana territory w/o consulting the government cause they worried he’d retract his offer

• signed the agreement in April 1803

• US was to pay $15 million to the French gov + grant certain exclusive commercial privileges to the French in New Orleans

• Jefferson was unsure whether he had the power to accept the agreement - advisors said he could cus of power to make treaties

• Organized Louisiana Territory similarly to the Northwest

Expeditions West

• Jefferson planned an expedition in 1803 to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean led by Merriwether Lewis and William Clark (guided by Sacagawea)

  • returned with elaborate records of the geography and native civilizations

• another expedition from St. Louis into the upper Mississippi Valley in 1805 led by Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike

  • set out up the valley of the Arkansas river; gave the impression that land between the Missouri river and the Rockies was inhabitable desert

The Burr Conspiracy; Federalist dissent

• Federalists felt alienated by Jefferson’s policies (westward push)

• Radical Federalists (Essex Junto) wanted to seced from the union and form a seperate “northern confederacy”; turned to Burr to support it

• rumors of Burr’s involvement lost him the election for Governor of NY

• Burr also worked w/ General James Wilkinson to try to capture Mexico from the Spanish

  • led a group of armed men down the Ohio River by boat - Jefferson ordered them to be arrested as traitors (Burr was acquitted)

Americans caught between conflicts

• European conflicts (Napleonic Wars) affected US; both British and French tried to stop the US from trading with the other

  • British were specifically agressive (impressment)

• US got stuck between Napoleon’s continental system and Britain’s European naval blockade

• Native Tribes fought against American encroachment

Reaction to Violence of British and French

• Jefferson expelled all British warships from American waters + demanded that the British renounce impressment

• The Embargo of 1807: prohibited American ships from leaving for any country

  • caused a depression (hardest hit are Northeastern merchants and shipowners)

• Jefferson recalled the embargo after Madison won the election of 1808

• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809: reopened trade with all nations but GB and France

  • Napoleon announced that France wouldn’t interfere w/ US shipping

  • Madison announced that an embargo on Britain would go in effect in 1811 unless they also removed restrictions - they did

Fighting with the Native Western Confederacy

• led by Tecumsah and Tenskwatawa

• Armed by the British (Republicans thought this was a super bad offence)

• William Henry Harrison led an army against Tenskwatawa’s village

• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811): burned the village to the ground

Lead up to the War of 1812

• Henry Clay (speaker of the house) and John C. Calhoun (congressman SC) hoping to win new territory + discredit Federalists pushed Madison toward war with Britain

• “Warhawks” - New Englanders don’t agree (Boston merchants wouldn’t lend $$)

• ppl believed the British needed to be driven out of the Canada

• Southerners wanted US to acquire Spanish Florida (wanted access to the Gulf of Mexico)

  • American settlers seized spanish fort @ Baton Rouge

• Congressional election of 1810: voters in Northern and Southern border regions elected many war-eager candidates

• Congress declares war on England in June 1812

Early War of 1812

• summer of 1812: invaded canada through detroit, soon had to retreat and surrender their fort in detroit

• forst dearborn (chicago) fell to Indian attack

• Americans were succesful at sea, after 1813 British navy counterattacked and imposed a blockade (no longer preoccupied w/ Napoleon)

• Americans had success at great lakes, Battle of the Thames (Tecumseh was killed and natives greatly weakened), and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Andrew Jackson attacked natives)

Advance of the British

• British invaded

• August 1814: set fire to multiple public buildings including the “white house”

• British continued up the Bay to Baltimore to try to take Fort McHenry

  • Americans sunk ships to block the fleet

  • British had to fire from a distance and retreated

  • inspiration for the National Anthem: nationalistic importance

• Americans repelled another British invasion in NY @ the Battle of Plattsburgh

• Battle of New Orleans: Jackson, with an army of slaves, freemen, french-speaking African Americans and local pirates, stopped British forces from advancing North from NEw Orleans

  • Jean Lafitte: pirate, super essential to protecting the city

  • Really high British casualties

The Hartford Convention

• overall 1812-1815 was full of failures: increase in american opposition to the war (esp. federalists)

• talk of secession for new england peaked in the winte of 1814-1815

• December 1814: delegates from New England states met in Connecticut to discuss grievances

• voted against secession (barely)

• reasserted right of nullification

• proposed 7 amendments to the constitution

  • 1 term for presidents

  • rotate presidency among states

  • restrict commercial embargoes

  • 2/3 majority in congress to declare war, prohibit trade, and admit new states

• embarassment causes end of federalist party (seen as unpatriotic)

The Peace Settlement

• Americans gave up demand for end of British impressment and cession of Canada (49th parallel: boundary between Canada and northwest)

• British gave up the Indian buffer state they wanted in the north west

• all prewar borders were maintained

• Treaty of Ghent: signed christmas eve 1814

• increase in anglo-american relations as a result

• A commercial treaty in 1815 gave Americans the right to trade freely w/ England + most of British empire

• The Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817: mutual disarmament on the Great lake

• war seriously affected strength of native tribes

Economic Effects of the War of 1812

• war of 1812 caused chaos in shipping and banking

• differing/untrustworthy bank notes were in circulation

After the war ended

• congress chartered a 2nd national bank in 1816 to fix financial issues but they allowed states to print their own money

• after the war, British merchants swarmed american ports w/ cheaper goods (cause britain had more established shipping and cheaper labor and interest rates) and americans wanted protection

Protective Tarrifs

• 1816

• protectionists in congress passed a tariff limiting foreign competition on many items, most importantly: cotton cloth

• could sell more cheaply than britain

• southerners hated them

Industrial and Market Rev

• before the war, there was a boom in the manufacturing and textile industries (industrial and market revolutions)

  • increased infrastructure

  • Factory systems

  • British immigrant brought tech to the US: Samuel Slater (advanced cotton spinner + one of first factories)

• Francis Cabot Lowell: developed a power loom (better than English one) - cheap labor from women and immigrants

• most efficient assembly lines: “Porkopolis” Cincinnati Ohio

Transportation

• the US needed a better transportation system for raw materials (connect markets)

• some roads were commissioned by Jefferson’s administration: the national road from the Potomac to the Ohio Rivers

  • most roads were commissioned by private investors or state govs

• Lancaster Pike: road to Pittsburgh commissioned by Pennsylvania gov

• Roads made journey across the mountains much cheaper = lower price of goods

• John C. Calhoun: wanted to use government money for infrastructure improvement (Madison vetoed it) became Henry Clay’s american system

Migrations West

• reasons for westward migration: increasing population, lack of farmland in east (more in the west due to 4 new states), decrease in native resistance

  • the factor system made natives less self-sufficient and more dependent on american goods

The Plantation System in the Southwest

• farmers who had exhausted their fields w/ cotton production moved southwest

• cotton became the cash crop: “King Cotton”

• many rich planters settled west

Trade and Trapping in the Far West

• Mexico won independence from spain in 1821 and opened its northern borders to trade w/ americans

• increase in the fur trade in the west

  • americans started hunting for themselves and moving into the Great Lake Region (“mountain men”)

• 1822: Andrew Henry and William ashley founded the Rocky Mountain fur company and recruited people to move into the Rockies

• John Jacob Astor: american fur company (first self-made billionaire)

• fairly peaceful relations w/ natives and Mexicans…

  • exception: Jedediah Smith - led men into Mexico, most of them killed in battles with Mojaves, he was killed by Comanches

Eastern Images of the West

• more exploration of the west

• Stephen H Long: reached Nebraska, colorado, and Kansas: echoed previous explorers in calling the Great Plains the “Great American Desert”

Monroe’s Election: End of the Federalists

• 1816: James Monroe won the presidential election (the last of the Virginia Dynasty)

• Decline of Federalist Party - people hoped partisanship would end

• Monroe included northeners and southerners in his cabinet

• “Goodwill Tour”

• many northerners liked Monroe

John Quincy Adams and FLorida

• america wanted to annex florida

• quincy adams started negotiations w/ spanish minister Luis de Onis

• Andrew Jackson received orders from Sec of War Calhoun to protect American territory from raids of Seminole indians - used as an excuse to invade florida (Seminole War)

• showed US could take florida by force

• pressured Onis to sign the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819: ceded all of Flrodia to the US + territory north of the 42nd parallel (in the pacific northwest)

The Panic of 1819

• during the napoleonic wars: increased foreign demand for american farm goods which had increased prices

• after the end of the napoleonic wars: farmers in europe come back from fighting which causes overproduction of agricultural products: prices plummet

• land book in the west, speculative investment caused land prices to soar

• 1819: national bank tightened credit, called in loans, and foreclosed mortgages - caused failures of state banks

• many people blamed the national bank

The Missouri Compromise

• Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 as a slave state

• Rep James Tallmadge Jr of NY proposed that Missouri move towards gradual emancipation

  • Southerners believe slavery is purely a state affair

  • northerners block admission to union b/c it would upset the balance of free to slave states

• Maine also applied to be a new (free) state - southerners blocked it

• Compromise: senate confirmed maine as a free and missouri as a slave state

  • Senator Jesse B. Thomas proposed an amendment prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory above the 36,30 parallel (southern border of missouri but not Missouri) + that slave and free states would be admitted in pairs; Henry Clay got it passed

Darmouth College vs. Woodward New Hampshire

• court ruled that NH couldn’t change the College’s carther

• put restriction on ability of state government to control corporations

• states could not break existing contracts

Cohens v. Virginia

• supreme court got power to override state courts

• upheld federal review

McCullock v. Maryland

• states were taxing the national bank to the ground

• marshall confirmed the implied power of congress by upholding the national bank

• states cannot tax the federal government or its institutions (which they were doing as a reaction to the panic of 1819)

• “The power to tax involves the power to destroy”

Gibbons v. Ogden

• state given monopoly vs. congress given trading right

• court strengthened congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce

Worcester v. Georgia

• georgia was taking cherokee land

• only federal gov could regulate access by US citizen to native lands

• also affirmed right of tribes to remain free of authority of state goves as sovereign entitities

The Latin American Revolution + The Monroe Doctrine

• early 1800s: Spanish territories embroiled in revolt

• The US proclaimed neutrality in conflicts (1815) but sold ships + supplies to revolutionaries

• The Monroe Doctrine: The American continent (both north and south) will not be sight for future colonization by European countries

  • withdrew for internal European affairs

  • established us as the dominant power in Western hemisphere

The “Corrupt Bargain”

• in presidential election of 1824 the typical two party caucus for nominating candidates was overthrown (end of king caucus)

• republican caucus nominated William H. Crawford

• other candidates: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson

• no candidate had a majority

• house chose Adams (w/ Clay’s endorsement) - Adams made Clay Sec. of State (“Corrupt Bargain”)

John Quincy Adams’ Presidency

• Adams proposed a nationalistic program

  • favored bussiness elite in northeast and midwest

  • embraced the american system

  • tariffs + industrialization

  • supported the national bank

  • southerners didn’t like that he protected native americans

• jacksonians in congress blockedd most of it

• diplomatic frustrations: panama international conference

• lost control of georiga when it removed natives from the state

The Tariff of Abominations

• 1828 tariff on imported goods passed by Adams

• called the “Tariff of Abominations” by Southerners

• acceted duties on other items to sway middle and western states (which angered northeners)

Election of 1828

• new political parties by 1828

  • pro-Quincy Adams: national republicans

  • pro-Jackson: democratic republicans

    • equal rights (except for natives) + popular rule

• Jackson won the presidency (he appealed to farmers and middling men): the age of the common men