Studied by 60 peopleANATOMY
‑ investigates the structure of the body ‑ to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study
Two approaches in studying Anatomy
Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy
Systemic anatomy
study of the body by systems
Regional Anatomy
study of the body by areas
Two ways to examine structures
Surface anatomy
Surface anatomy
study of external features
Anatomical imaging
involves the use of technologies such as x-ray, ultrasound, MRI
PHYSIOLOGY
deals with the process or functions of living things
SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level
Chemical Level
involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
Cell Level
molecules combine to form organelles
Cells
basic structure and functional units of organisms
Organelles
small structures that make up some cells
Tissue Level
group of similar cells and surrounding materials
Four types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Organ level
composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
Organ System Level
group of organs classified as unit because of a common function or set of functions
Organism Level
organ systems make up an organism
organism
any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as human
Integumentary System
provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, helps produce vitamin D
Parts of Integumentary System
skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Skeletal System
provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue
Parts of Skeletal System
bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints
Muscular System
produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Parts of Muscular System
muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Nervous System
major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Parts of Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Endocrine System
major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Parts of Endocrine System
endocrine glands that secrete hormones
Cardiovascular System
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature
Parts of Cardiovascular System
heart, blood vessels, and blood
Lymphatic System
removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Parts of Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs
Respiratory System
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
Parts of Respiratory System
lungs and respiratory passages
Digestive System
performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Parts of Digestive System
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
Urinary System
removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
Parts of Urinary System
kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters
Female Reproductive System
produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
Parts of Female Reproductive System
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures
Male Reproductive System
produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Parts of Male Reproductive System
testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction
Organization
specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism
Metabolism
ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth. Movement, and reproduction
Responsiveness
ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
Growth
increase in size of all or part of the organism; it can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
Development
changes an organism undergoes through time
differentiation
change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
morphogenesis
the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
Reproduction
formation of new cells or new organisms
HOMEOSTASIS
maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
homeo
the same
stasis
to stop
Homeostasis mechanisms
maintain body temperature near set point (e.g., sweating or shivering)
variables
range of conditions that affect cell's fluid
set point
average normal value
Negative Feedback
to decrease
any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Three components of negative-feedback mechanisms
Receptor Control center Effector
Receptor
monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli
Control center
determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
Effector
change the value of the variable when directed by the control center
Positive Feedback
‑ to increase ‑ occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response ‑ at times, this type of response is required to re-achieve homeostasis
Body Positions
Anatomical Position Supine Prone
Anatomical Position
a person standing upright with the face directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and palms facing forward
Supine
lying facing upward
Prone
lying facing downward
Body Parts and Regions
Central region Upper Limb Lower Limb
Central region
• Head • Neck • Trunk o Thorax (chest) o Abdomen (belly) o Pelvis (hips)
Upper Limb
• Arm -shoulder to elbow • Forearm -elbow to wrist • Wrist • Hand
Lower Limb
• Thigh -hip to knee • Leg -knee to ankle • Ankle • Foot
Four Quadrants
Right upper quadrants Left upper quadrants Right lower quadrants Left lower quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant
Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, pancreas, transverse colon, right adrenal gland, small intestine
Left Upper Quadrant
Liver, left adrenal gland, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, spleen, transverse colon, small intestine
Right Lower Quadrant
Small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, right ureter, right reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic cord)
Left Lower Quadrant
Small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, left reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic cord, sigmoid colon)
Nine Regions
Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac Hypogastric
Right hypochondriac
Liver, right kidney, small and large intestines
Epigastric
Liver, stomach, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands, pancreas
Left hypochondriac
Liver's tip, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, small and large intestines
Right lumbar
Ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney
Umbilical
Duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon
Left lumbar
Descending colon, small intestine, left kidney
Right iliac
Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and small intestine
Hypogastric
Bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, reproductive organs
Planes
Sagittal plane Median plane or midsagittal Transverse or horizontal plane Frontal or coronal plane
Sagittal plane
runs vertically through the body; separates right and left parts
Median plane or midsagittal
sagittal plane that passes through the midline; equal right and left
Transverse or horizontal plane
parallel to the surface of the ground; dividing superior and inferior
Frontal or coronal plane
vertically from right to left; dividing anterior and posterior
Longitudinal section
cut along the length of the organ
Transverse section
cross section; cuts completely through an organ
Oblique section
cut is made diagonally across the long axis
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
surrounded by the rib cage; superior to muscular diaphragm
Mediastinum
divides thoracic into left and right; houses the heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus
Abdominal cavity
contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys; posterior to muscular diaphragm; bounded by abdominal muscles
Pelvic cavity
enclosed by pelvic bones; urinary bladder, part of large intestines, internal reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal and pelvic cavities
Note
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