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Why did the barons oppose king john
Individual (distrust of king john)
not long after king john became king he was rumoured to of killed his nephew Arthur
Taxation
john used a tax called scutage. this was paid by knights and barons instead of fighting for the king. Between 1199 and 1215, john charged scutage 12 times and the tax was higher each time. Many barons refused to pay the the tax in 1214 and the 1215 tax was the last straw
disputes with the church
In 1207 pope innocent appointed the archbishop of canterbury. king john wanted to choose the archbishop himself and opposed Stephens (archbishop) appointment. the pope retaliated by excommunicated john and stopping church services. in 1212 the pope said it would not be a sin to kill the king so some barons began plotting . in 1213 he came to an agreement with the pope but some barons were worried he would try controlling the church again
government(arbitrary rule)
the war with France meant king john needed money. so he began to oppose huge fines on barons who displeased him
lack of military success
in 1214 john was defeated in France at the battle of bovines. it was obvious john could retake Normandy back and was named soft sword.
what were the short term impacts of magna carter
there wasn’t a very big impact at first
john signed the magna carter to buy time and had no intention of keeping it. so when the 25 barons tried to put the terms into place john refused to accept they had any power over him. the pope wrote to him saying it was invalid
civil war broke out when john didn’t keep to his terms. However john didn’t have the money or support to defeat the barons. this situation worsened when the barons joined forces with the king of Scotland and invited the heir of France( prince louis) to come over and take the throne himself. louis arrived with an army in 1216 may.
in oct 1216 john died suddenly and his son who was only nine took over.
limited impact as it only applied to freemen and it was mostly only about power of barons such as requiring agreement from barons if the king wanted to raise taxes
wasn’t followed at its time
what were the long term impacts of magna carter?
much greater impact
regarded as foundation of democracy
it retains symbolic power as an ancient defence against tyrannical rule and as a guarantee for human freedom
echoed in chartist movement which fought for working class men vote, and in the legislation for human rights act
how many clauses were in magna carter
63 clauses
where did the king meet the barons
in Runnymede
why did the king agree to the magna carter
because of his weak position he had to agree
what were some of the terms of magna carter
English church had to be free from royal interference
the king cannot charge scutage without agreement of the kingdom
tax rates go back to old levels and wont be raised again
no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned or stripped from his rights or poessions. he shall only be judged by the courts and law of the lands
anyone’s land, castles or other rights taken from them will get them back
all fines taken from king unjustly will be repaid
the barons will elect 25 barons to make sure the king keeps to the terms
what were the issues between henry 3rd and his barons?
henry was very extravagant and was always short on money. each time he reissued magma carter he demanded more tax
henry lost two major wars in France one in 1230 and 1245
henry tried to reform local gov which angered the barons. they thought henry was interfering with the way they ran shires
throughout 1230 and 1240s henry called his parliament more and more often in order to raise taxes
henry relied on a few close associated for advice. the barons felt isolated in 1233 henry was forced to sack some of his officals
henry was strong willed and ruled in an arbitrary way ( he didnt follow the rules)
what was henrys agreement with pope innocent
in 1254 henry made an argeement that the popes son would take over the kingdom of sicily. innocence agreed to pay for henrys invasion however the pope demanded that henry repay the money.
what were the barons grievance to henry
goverment - some sherrifs were favouring the king and not applying the law fairly
goverment - royal faviourites got better treatment
economy - the king was raising too much tax
the kings forgein friends had too much influence in england
the barons did not see why they should pay for henrys agreement to the pope of putting king edmund on the throne of sicily
what were the provisions of oxford
these were the demands the barons spelt out at the kings paraliment in oxford
they demanded a kings concil be made with only a 1/5 of the members to be chosen by king henry so they could advise the king on matters. the king had no choice but to agree
however the barons could not agree on how radical these changes would be. this disagreement lead to a stalemate between the barons and the king
who was simon de montfort
played a key role in the barons revolt he is still remembered today increasing the importances of parliament
why did simon oppose henry
henry failed to pay his downry for elanor( henrys sister who simon married)
simon had strong principles and oppossed the arbituary way henry ruled
simon believed henry should obey the magna carter
how was simon important to the devlopment of parliament
before simon de montford rules the king raised taxes without consulting the commons who would be the ones actually paying them
simons awkward relationship with the other barons meant that he relied more on support of the commons.
in 1265 he invited representatives of the commons to pariliament where they copuld bring their grievances in return for granting taxations. the idea that the commons should be asked for consent to taxiation was completely new. it was the beginniy of the development of parliamentary democracy and the idea of the peoples right to represenation
what were the events that took place after the provision of oxford
1261 henry got premission from the pope to break his oath to uphold the provisions
1263 simon gathered support esp from knights and commoners
1264 -simon won the battle of lewes. captured henry and his son. this made simon the effective ruler of england. however simons arrogance led to oppositong among the barons so he had to turn to commners for support
1265 he invited members of the commons into parliament.
1265 edward( henrys son) escaped
1265 aug - simon was killed at battle of evesham
simons defeat ended the rebellion against henry and the crown had been resetablished complete control
howver principle of repsenation had been created and henry still felt the need to summon the commons to parliament. this was the orgin of the house of commons
what was the peasent revolt
a rebellion against king richardw
what were the causes of the peasents revolt
economic factors - harvest halved from 1315-1320 and outbreaks of the disease killed thousands of cattle and sheep.
chance factor : the black death - it killed 1 in 3 people. this meant a shortage of people so they could demand higher wages.
goverment factor : statute of labourers - this limited wages. sumptuary laws- restricting what people could wear to reign in the peasents
poll tax - which people disliked because everyone paid the same whether they were rich or poor. Furthermore, the money was used to fund a war against France which King Richard was losing
Priests such as John Ball started to preach that everyone was equal in the eyes of God and therefore should also be equal in the eyes of the king .they were demanding that all men should be free and equal; for less harsh laws; and a fairer distribution of wealth. - they were incressingly angery that they were still suerfs
what were the events of the peasant revolt?
how did the peasants revolt end
watt tyler and john ball died
richard the 2nd reinserted his authority and went back on his promises
consquences of the peasents revolt
The rebellion had frightened the rich, and made them realise that they could not push the poor too far. No government collected a Poll Tax until 1990. The government was angry at the role of John Ball, the priest who belonged to a group of Christians called the Lollards, who challenged the power of the Church. For the next century the government persecuted the Lollards because they were seen as linked to rebellion. In the longer term, the demands of the peasants were largely met, even if they were on the king’s conditions and nothing really changed on a day-to-day basis for some time. Eventually, peasants could work for more money and slowly gained more freedoms from their lords to work where they pleased and make more of their own choices such as who to marry
when was the peasents revolt
1381
who was henry the 8th wife and why did he want a divorce from her,
catherine of aargon
she coulldnt have children ( a boy)
who did he want to marry
ann boleyn
what did hnery the 8th do the church of england
the pope would not let him get a divorce
he took control of the church and become supreme head of the church by the parliament in the act of supermacy 1534
he also began to dissolve monastries and take their wealth
what were the causes of the pilgrimage of grace
henry dissolved monasteries- lots of people were upset with the religious change but also monasteries played an important social role by providing education and help for sick and poor
lots of people resented the reformation and wanted England to go back to Catholicism
many people were upset that henry VII divorced Catherine and this meant princess Mary had been declared illegitimate (not child of married parents)
they believed henrys advisers were leading him astray
rumours of tax of bapitism marriage and burials
what were the events of the pilgrimage of grace
who was the king at the time of the english reovolution
charles I
what was the causes of the english revoltuion
charles demanded ship tax and used it to avoid calling in parliament. this made people anger as they were being tax without their conent.
charles was an arrogant ruler and believed he ruled on divine right and this meant he was entitled to rule without interference of the parliament
he avoided calling on parliament unless he needed money - anger the gentry and parliament
charles was married to a catholic and was accused of favouring catholics
protestant chruch was divided between Anglicans and puritans
william laud the archbishop of canterbury was pushing for a new pray book and was accused of trying to reunite the church with rome again.
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