Crop that kept the societies running by supplying the societies with enough food throughout the year
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Pueblo
A society that developed irrigation systems to grow maize
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Aztecs
An established, large civilization with an advanced society
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Bison/Buffalo
Animals that the Natives from the Great Basin and Great Plains hunted for food because the land was flat and dry, not allowing good farming
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Nomads
People who moved from one place to another to find food. Mainly lived in the Great Basin and Great Plains and hunted bison and buffalo
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Great Plains/Great Basin
Dry, flat land that wasn't suitable for growing crops. There weren't very many natural resources and the people adapted by using horses to hunt bison and sheep
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Iriquois Confederacy
A loose alliance made up of a handful of Native American tribes created to protect each other as the Europeans arrived
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Creek/Choctaw/Cherokee
Native American tribes who hunted, gathered, and farmed and developed permanent villages
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Mission System of the Christian Crusaders
A system where the Spanish came to the New World to convert the Natives to Christianity
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God/Glory/Gold
The reasons for European exploration
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Columbian Exchange
The movement of goods that other continents didn't have from the Americas, Europe, and Africa. It took away feudalism and replaced it with capitalism. Allowed people to make more money and move up in society
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Slave Trade
The capturing of Africans from Africa to be shipped and sold in the Americas as slaves
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Corn/Potatoes/Tobacco
Crops raised to feed a large amount of people and to make money
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Sextant
A new piece of technology used to find an exact position. It helped with mapping and traveling
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Joint-Stock Companies
Corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America
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Compass
A new piece of technology used to find places using directions North, South, East, and West to make sailing easier
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Caravel
A new type of ship that was used to sail across the ocean
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Smallpox/Influenza
A disease that spread throughout America due to Spanish exploration. Killed as many as 90% of the Native population in certain areas. Helped the Spanish conquer the Natives because they were all dying
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Horses/Cows/Pigs
New domesticated animals brought to North America from Europe that helped with hunting and were used for food
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Encomienda System
The taking of Natives and forcing them to work on plantations and in mines. The goals were agricultural and to gain precious metals. This system failed because the Natives knew the land and kept dying. This was eventually replaced by African Slave Labor
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Sugar/Silver
The resources the Europeans would force the Natives to gather in the Encomienda System
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Caste System
A system that ranked people by race. The Europeans were at the top followed by Mestizos, those of mixed European and Native blood. The Mestizos were followed by the Zambos, those of mixed African and Native blood. Pure-blooded Africans were at the bottom
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Fur Trade
Main form of trade between the French and Natives. The Natives traded this for French goods which created an alliance between the two groups because the French weren't interested in taking land, only trading
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The Pueblo Revolt/The Pope's Rebellion
The Pueblo people revolted against the Spanish after years of being dominated by Juan de Onate. They killed hundreds and drove the remaining settlers out of the region. The Spanish returned and regained control of the territory, but they were more accommodating to the Pueblo
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Autonomy
To self govern
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Bartolome de las Casas
Believed that capturing and forcing the Natives to work was not Christian and instead suggested the use of Africans as slaves
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Juan de Sepulveda
Believed that capturing and forcing the Natives to word was not a big deal and said the Spanish can do whatever they want because of religious, cultural, and intellectual superiority
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Black Legend
Anti-Spanish propaganda saying the treatment towards Natives was cruel, bigoted, and exploitative
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Jamestown
The first successful attempt at settling in North America. It was located in the Chesapeake Bay region. The mortality rate was right and there was little food and lots of disease
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Tobacco
Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown
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Virginia Company
Joint-stock Company that promoted getting rich quick
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Captain John Smith
Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat"
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"Lost Colony" of Roanoke
An enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 16th century to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony. Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a colony, but either abandoned the settlement or disappeared. The final group of colonists disappeared after three years elapsed without supplies from England during the time when England was at war with Spain, leading to the continuing mystery known as "The Lost Colony". The most likely explanation is that they were assimilated into one of the local indigenous tribes
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English View of Land
Being owned by an independent person or company
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Native American View of Land
Being owned by no one but was there if you needed to use it
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James Oglethorpe
Founder of the Georgia Colony and wanted to help the poor become rich in the New World
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James Winthrop
Puritan leader who tried to inspire people and grow the Puritan religion. Wrote City Upon a Hill
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"City Upon a Hill"
A document written to fellow passengers on the ship saying that they needed to be an example and set the right course for their religion
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William Penn
Founder of Pennsylvania and was a Quaker
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Quakers
Someone of the Christian religion who believed in peaceful principles. Came to America to escape religious prosecution
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Salutary Neglect
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
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House of Burgesses
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. Bicameral legislature
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Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
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Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
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Navigation Acts
Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.
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Bacon's Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land
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King Philip's War/Metacomet's War
Conflict in New England (1675-1676) between Wampanoags Narragansetts and other Native American people against English settlers sparked by English encroachments on native lands
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Pequot War
1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.
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First Great Awakening
Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper
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Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
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John Locke
Came up with the idea that people were born with natural rights and it is the government's job to protect those rights. People give power to the government
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Protestant
A form of Christianity that originated with the Protestant Reformation where followers found flaws in the Catholic branch of Christianity
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Evangelical
Focusing on emotionally powerful preaching, rather than formal ceremonies, and on the teachings of the Bible.
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Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
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Domination of New England
Britain dominated over New England and increased the control over the colonies. They took away all the New England colonies and made them into one big colony under the government
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Zenger Case
John Peter Zenger wrote articles critical of New York Colony's governor. He was charged with seditious libel, meaning he made up lies to ruin someone's reputation. He argued that the truth was a defense against the charges and found not guilty. This was the early establishment of freedom of press in America
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Slave Codes
Every white male must carry a gun and any slave who was caught without a pass was to be shot on sight
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Chattel Slavery
Slaves were considered property of their master
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Stono Rebellion
20 slaves gathered along Stono River, Charleston, South Carolina. They looted an arsenal for weapons and headed to St. Augustine, killing 20 to 30 whites
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Religious Songs as Codes
The slaves used songs as code to maintain their culture and religion
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Pontiac's Rebellion
An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed
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French and Indian War
A war fought between the colonists and French over land. The French were allies with the Natives. The colonists won
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Proclamation of 1763
Parliament stated that west of the Appalachian Mountains belonged to the Natives
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Stamp Act
A tax placed on every printed material such as playing cards
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Stamp Act Congress
A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance
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Sons of Liberty
A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere
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Daughters of Liberty
This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent
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Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts
Laws set as a punishment for the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Harbor was closed and the colonists were forced to quarter troops
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Committees of Correspondence
An organization that used meetings, letters, and pamphlets to spread propaganda through the colonies
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Mercy Otis Warren
A female writer who is considered one of the first American women to write for the public. She wrote about political leaders and national events
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Guerrilla Warfare
A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war. Fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
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Battle of Saratoga
"Turning Point" of the Revolutionary War because it convinced France to become open allies with the colonists.
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Common Sense
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. Gave a list of reasons why the U.S. should separate from Britain
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Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create
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Republican Motherhood
The idea that women must be educated in order for the republic to work. Women must be educated so that they can educate their children
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Shay's Rebellion
A rebellion where Shay led a group of farmers because they were upset that farmers' land was being taken and the farmers were being thrown in jail for not paying taxes even though most of the farmers were Revolutionary War veterans. This leads to the Constitutional Convention
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Articles of Confederation
The first U.S. plan of government. It gave the majority of the power to the states and had a very week central government. Each state had to have their own constitution and it created a loose alliance between the states meaning that the states will work together when necessary but prefer to remain mostly independent. It failed miserably
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America's Critical Period
When the U.S. first became independent. It is considered critical because the U.S. was just becoming a new nation and what they would do after would affect the future of America
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Virginia Plan
A plan of government that favored the bigger states. The plan was a two house legislature and the representation was based on the population
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New Jersey Plan
A plan of government that favored the smaller states. It had a one house legislature and each state got one vote
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The Great Compromise
A Compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. Government would have a two house legislature. The House of Representatives would be based on the population and the Senate would be made up of two representatives from each state
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The 3/5 Compromise
States that every five slaves counts as three people. The Southern states wanted slaves to count as a part of their population, but the Northern states did not because they considered states to be nothing but tools in solving problems and making decisions. They compromised by making a slave 3/5 of a person
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Anti-Federalists
Believed the Constitution didn't protect their basic rights and feared abuse due to a lack of a Bill of Rights
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Federalists
Favored the Constitution and wanted it released as soon as possible, even without a Bill of Rights
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Bill of Rights
A list of ten natural rights of every U.S. citizen. Amended in the Constitution. They were added later because they wanted the Constitution to get out as soon as possible, but promised a Bill of Rights because the Anti-Federalists thought the Constitution didn't cover all of their rights
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Whiskey Rebellion
A group of people whose main profit came from selling whiskey rebelled when a tax was placed on whiskey
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Democratic-Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank
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Hamilton's Economic Plan
Federal government should take on debt from both the states and national government; pay face value for bonds that had been sold to merchants, farmers, and soldiers; established a tariff
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Northwest Ordinance
In 1787 a single northwest territory was created. Land would be divided into 3-5 acres and once an area reached 60,000 people, they could apply for statehood. Also gave a Bill of Rights for settlers, freedom of religion, jury trails, and no slavery
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Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers
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Jay's Treaty
Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory
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Pinckney's Treaty
A treaty between the Spanish and Americans regarding the use of the Mississippi River and trade in New Orleans
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Neutrality Proclamation
George Washington set a precedence that the U.S. should remain neutral and stay out of other country's wars
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XYZ Affairs
The French suspected that within the Jay's Treaty the Americans had agreed to help the British in their war against France. France viewed this as a violation of the French and U.S. alliance so France seized U.S. ships that were bound for Britain to see if they contained weapons. President Adams then sent three men to Paris to negotiate a treaty with the French foreign minister. France then sends three low level officials, nicknamed XYZ by the U.S. press and Adams, to meet with the delegation. The French foreign minister was no there. The U.S. was angered and felt disrespected so they started an undeclared naval war with France. In conclusion, the Federalists wanted a full scale war against France but President Adams eventually smoothed things over with the French and kept the U.S. out of a war
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Later Federalists
Supportive of a strong federal government, protective tariff, and a strong alliance with the British. Loose interpretation of the Constitution
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Judicial Review
In the case, Marbury v. Madison, a decision was made that gave the Supreme Court the power to say if a law violated the Constitution
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MuCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden
Two decisions by the Marshall Court that emphasized the supremacy of federal government actions and laws over those of the state governments. The federal government trumps the state governments
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Henry Clay
Leader of the Whig Party. Spoke out against Jackson in the House of Representatives. Ended up becoming John Quincy Adam's Secretary of State
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Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
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Jacksonian Democracy
A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme