Ap US History

Maize

Crop that kept the societies running by supplying the societies with enough food throughout the year

Pueblo

A society that developed irrigation systems to grow maize

Aztecs

An established, large civilization with an advanced society

Bison/Buffalo

Animals that the Natives from the Great Basin and Great Plains hunted for food because the land was flat and dry, not allowing good farming

Nomads

People who moved from one place to another to find food. Mainly lived in the Great Basin and Great Plains and hunted bison and buffalo

Great Plains/Great Basin

Dry, flat land that wasn't suitable for growing crops. There weren't very many natural resources and the people adapted by using horses to hunt bison and sheep

Iriquois Confederacy

A loose alliance made up of a handful of Native American tribes created to protect each other as the Europeans arrived

Creek/Choctaw/Cherokee

Native American tribes who hunted, gathered, and farmed and developed permanent villages

Mission System of the Christian Crusaders

A system where the Spanish came to the New World to convert the Natives to Christianity

God/Glory/Gold

The reasons for European exploration

Columbian Exchange

The movement of goods that other continents didn't have from the Americas, Europe, and Africa. It took away feudalism and replaced it with capitalism. Allowed people to make more money and move up in society

Slave Trade

The capturing of Africans from Africa to be shipped and sold in the Americas as slaves

Corn/Potatoes/Tobacco

Crops raised to feed a large amount of people and to make money

Sextant

A new piece of technology used to find an exact position. It helped with mapping and traveling

Joint-Stock Companies

Corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develop lands in North America

Compass

A new piece of technology used to find places using directions North, South, East, and West to make sailing easier

Caravel

A new type of ship that was used to sail across the ocean

Smallpox/Influenza

A disease that spread throughout America due to Spanish exploration. Killed as many as 90% of the Native population in certain areas. Helped the Spanish conquer the Natives because they were all dying

Horses/Cows/Pigs

New domesticated animals brought to North America from Europe that helped with hunting and were used for food

Encomienda System

The taking of Natives and forcing them to work on plantations and in mines. The goals were agricultural and to gain precious metals. This system failed because the Natives knew the land and kept dying. This was eventually replaced by African Slave Labor

Sugar/Silver

The resources the Europeans would force the Natives to gather in the Encomienda System

Caste System

A system that ranked people by race. The Europeans were at the top followed by Mestizos, those of mixed European and Native blood. The Mestizos were followed by the Zambos, those of mixed African and Native blood. Pure-blooded Africans were at the bottom

Fur Trade

Main form of trade between the French and Natives. The Natives traded this for French goods which created an alliance between the two groups because the French weren't interested in taking land, only trading

The Pueblo Revolt/The Pope's Rebellion

The Pueblo people revolted against the Spanish after years of being dominated by Juan de Onate. They killed hundreds and drove the remaining settlers out of the region. The Spanish returned and regained control of the territory, but they were more accommodating to the Pueblo

Autonomy

To self govern

Bartolome de las Casas

Believed that capturing and forcing the Natives to work was not Christian and instead suggested the use of Africans as slaves

Juan de Sepulveda

Believed that capturing and forcing the Natives to word was not a big deal and said the Spanish can do whatever they want because of religious, cultural, and intellectual superiority

Black Legend

Anti-Spanish propaganda saying the treatment towards Natives was cruel, bigoted, and exploitative

Jamestown

The first successful attempt at settling in North America. It was located in the Chesapeake Bay region. The mortality rate was right and there was little food and lots of disease

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Virginia Company

Joint-stock Company that promoted getting rich quick

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat"

"Lost Colony" of Roanoke

An enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 16th century to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony. Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a colony, but either abandoned the settlement or disappeared. The final group of colonists disappeared after three years elapsed without supplies from England during the time when England was at war with Spain, leading to the continuing mystery known as "The Lost Colony". The most likely explanation is that they were assimilated into one of the local indigenous tribes

English View of Land

Being owned by an independent person or company

Native American View of Land

Being owned by no one but was there if you needed to use it

James Oglethorpe

Founder of the Georgia Colony and wanted to help the poor become rich in the New World

James Winthrop

Puritan leader who tried to inspire people and grow the Puritan religion. Wrote City Upon a Hill

"City Upon a Hill"

A document written to fellow passengers on the ship saying that they needed to be an example and set the right course for their religion

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania and was a Quaker

Quakers

Someone of the Christian religion who believed in peaceful principles. Came to America to escape religious prosecution

Salutary Neglect

Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. Bicameral legislature

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

King Philip's War/Metacomet's War

Conflict in New England (1675-1676) between Wampanoags Narragansetts and other Native American people against English settlers sparked by English encroachments on native lands

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

John Locke

Came up with the idea that people were born with natural rights and it is the government's job to protect those rights. People give power to the government

Protestant

A form of Christianity that originated with the Protestant Reformation where followers found flaws in the Catholic branch of Christianity

Evangelical

Focusing on emotionally powerful preaching, rather than formal ceremonies, and on the teachings of the Bible.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Domination of New England

Britain dominated over New England and increased the control over the colonies. They took away all the New England colonies and made them into one big colony under the government

Zenger Case

John Peter Zenger wrote articles critical of New York Colony's governor. He was charged with seditious libel, meaning he made up lies to ruin someone's reputation. He argued that the truth was a defense against the charges and found not guilty. This was the early establishment of freedom of press in America

Slave Codes

Every white male must carry a gun and any slave who was caught without a pass was to be shot on sight

Chattel Slavery

Slaves were considered property of their master

Stono Rebellion

20 slaves gathered along Stono River, Charleston, South Carolina. They looted an arsenal for weapons and headed to St. Augustine, killing 20 to 30 whites

Religious Songs as Codes

The slaves used songs as code to maintain their culture and religion

Pontiac's Rebellion

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed

French and Indian War

A war fought between the colonists and French over land. The French were allies with the Natives. The colonists won

Proclamation of 1763

Parliament stated that west of the Appalachian Mountains belonged to the Natives

Stamp Act

A tax placed on every printed material such as playing cards

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent

Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts

Laws set as a punishment for the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Harbor was closed and the colonists were forced to quarter troops

Committees of Correspondence

An organization that used meetings, letters, and pamphlets to spread propaganda through the colonies

Mercy Otis Warren

A female writer who is considered one of the first American women to write for the public. She wrote about political leaders and national events

Guerrilla Warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war. Fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Battle of Saratoga

"Turning Point" of the Revolutionary War because it convinced France to become open allies with the colonists.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. Gave a list of reasons why the U.S. should separate from Britain

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women must be educated in order for the republic to work. Women must be educated so that they can educate their children

Shay's Rebellion

A rebellion where Shay led a group of farmers because they were upset that farmers' land was being taken and the farmers were being thrown in jail for not paying taxes even though most of the farmers were Revolutionary War veterans. This leads to the Constitutional Convention

Articles of Confederation

The first U.S. plan of government. It gave the majority of the power to the states and had a very week central government. Each state had to have their own constitution and it created a loose alliance between the states meaning that the states will work together when necessary but prefer to remain mostly independent. It failed miserably

America's Critical Period

When the U.S. first became independent. It is considered critical because the U.S. was just becoming a new nation and what they would do after would affect the future of America

Virginia Plan

A plan of government that favored the bigger states. The plan was a two house legislature and the representation was based on the population

New Jersey Plan

A plan of government that favored the smaller states. It had a one house legislature and each state got one vote

The Great Compromise

A Compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. Government would have a two house legislature. The House of Representatives would be based on the population and the Senate would be made up of two representatives from each state

The 3/5 Compromise

States that every five slaves counts as three people. The Southern states wanted slaves to count as a part of their population, but the Northern states did not because they considered states to be nothing but tools in solving problems and making decisions. They compromised by making a slave 3/5 of a person

Anti-Federalists

Believed the Constitution didn't protect their basic rights and feared abuse due to a lack of a Bill of Rights

Federalists

Favored the Constitution and wanted it released as soon as possible, even without a Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights

A list of ten natural rights of every U.S. citizen. Amended in the Constitution. They were added later because they wanted the Constitution to get out as soon as possible, but promised a Bill of Rights because the Anti-Federalists thought the Constitution didn't cover all of their rights

Whiskey Rebellion

A group of people whose main profit came from selling whiskey rebelled when a tax was placed on whiskey

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Federal government should take on debt from both the states and national government; pay face value for bonds that had been sold to merchants, farmers, and soldiers; established a tariff

Northwest Ordinance

In 1787 a single northwest territory was created. Land would be divided into 3-5 acres and once an area reached 60,000 people, they could apply for statehood. Also gave a Bill of Rights for settlers, freedom of religion, jury trails, and no slavery

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Pinckney's Treaty

A treaty between the Spanish and Americans regarding the use of the Mississippi River and trade in New Orleans

Neutrality Proclamation

George Washington set a precedence that the U.S. should remain neutral and stay out of other country's wars

XYZ Affairs

The French suspected that within the Jay's Treaty the Americans had agreed to help the British in their war against France. France viewed this as a violation of the French and U.S. alliance so France seized U.S. ships that were bound for Britain to see if they contained weapons. President Adams then sent three men to Paris to negotiate a treaty with the French foreign minister. France then sends three low level officials, nicknamed XYZ by the U.S. press and Adams, to meet with the delegation. The French foreign minister was no there. The U.S. was angered and felt disrespected so they started an undeclared naval war with France. In conclusion, the Federalists wanted a full scale war against France but President Adams eventually smoothed things over with the French and kept the U.S. out of a war

Later Federalists

Supportive of a strong federal government, protective tariff, and a strong alliance with the British. Loose interpretation of the Constitution

Judicial Review

In the case, Marbury v. Madison, a decision was made that gave the Supreme Court the power to say if a law violated the Constitution

MuCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden

Two decisions by the Marshall Court that emphasized the supremacy of federal government actions and laws over those of the state governments. The federal government trumps the state governments

Henry Clay

Leader of the Whig Party. Spoke out against Jackson in the House of Representatives. Ended up becoming John Quincy Adam's Secretary of State

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme