Criminal justice final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards of lecture notes for exam review.

What is a crime?

An action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point of harm.

Giving someone a sticker for good behavior is what type of social control?

Positive Reinforcement.

Which punishment goal follows the principle of revenge?

Retribution

According to deterrence theory, what must punishments be to be effective?

Certain, Swift, and Severe.

How many classes of felonies are there?

6

What type of offense does not go against someone's criminal record?

Violation/Infraction

Approximately what percentage of felony cases make it to trial?

1%

Fill in the sequence: Offenses, Offenses Known to The Police, Arrests, __, Trial, Sentencing, __, Prison, ___.

Prosecution, Probation, Parole

Which of these is punishable by up to three months in jail?

Class B Misdemeanor

Officer John, Friends, and Parents are all examples of which of the following?

All of these.

I break into Victor’s house, steal 1,000 worth of Yu-gi-oh cards, then burn the house down (no one is in the house). What would get recorded for the Uniform Crime Report?

Arson

From the Henning reading, what fashion style has been a target of disproportionate policing?

Sagging Pants

Which of these is considered a victimless crime?

Prostitution

Which of the following is a Part I offense?

Arson

A ____ felony is the most severe crime can be charged with

Class A Felony

Which of these is NOT a goal of the criminal justice system?

Loitering

Incapacitation as a goal of punishment refers to what?

Simply removing an offender from society

What population of victims is typically not covered by victimization surveys?

Murder victims

T/F: Murder is a Part II Offense.

False

Which of these is considered the primary institution of socialization?

The Family

Here, individuals are asked to identify the types of offenses they have committed.

Self-report studies

What is meant by the phrase “the dark figure of crime”?

The percentage of crimes that do not get reported to police

Offenses can get excluded from the adjudication process due to:

Cost, errors, and discretion

How many classes of misdemeanors are there?

3

What is the most significant difference between the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?

The UCR uses the Hierarchy Rule: only the most serious offense gets reported

_ is a style of policing that emphasizes serving the community and its citizens

Service

According to William Sheldon’s somatotyping, ____ are most likely to have criminal tendencies

Mesomorphs

____ is the idea that one’s mental state prevented them from fully understanding the nature of their actions or forming a rational decision.

Diminished capacity defense

Under what exception does double jeopardy NOT apply

Separate Sovereign Exception

According to deterrence theory, for punishments to be truly effective they must be ___, ____, and ____.

Certain, Swift, and severe

This style of policing requires little discretion, concentrates on enforcing the law by writing more tickets and emphasizes on making more arrests.

Legalistic

According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, delinquent behavior is a result of what kind of imbalance?

Id, ego and superego; too much id, not enough superego

This amendment “ended” slavery

13th

Simply being in the U.S. as an undocumented person is a criminal offense, True or False?

False

According to genetic theories, the best way to study twins is which of the following scenarios??

Identical twins raised in different homes

This theory emphasizes that crime is a product of bad PLACES, not PEOPLE.

Social Disorganization

What is the standard for criminal conviction in the U.S. CRJ system?

Guilty beyond a reasonable doubt

____ is the study of skull shapes to determine personality patterns

Phrenology

This amendment established birth-right citizenship and due process/equal protection under the law for ALL PERSONS within the jurisdiction of the United States.

14th

A law that determines what prosecutors can and cannot do during a trial is an example of ____ law.

Procedural

This theory emphasizes the pursuit of economic success by any means necessary

Strain theory

Which of the following is true about executive orders?

Are directives from the President to manage federal government operations

Divorce is a matter of which type of law?

Civil

In civil law, disputes are between ___.

Private Parties

A state constitution can supersede the U.S. Constitution. True or False?

False

____ law specifies how the criminal justice system is allowed to deal with criminal offenses; ____ law and describes what behaviors are illegal.

Procedural; Substantive

Mahmoud Khalil's arrest presents a legal concern over what?

A violation of procedural law

Trying a defendant for a violation of both state and federal law constitutes double jeopardy, True or False?

False

THis amendment protects against “cruel and unusual punishment”

8th

In civil law, punishments are about what?

Monetary damages

Which city has the FIRST professionalized police force?

Boston

Describe mensrea and actus reus.

Menrsea is the criminal behavior. Actus reus is the crime itself.

How are most State Attorney Generals selected?

Special Selection Committee

This case established the standard for when trash is abandoned property, and therefore does not require a warrant to search.

Greenwood v. California

Olmstead v. United States established the Doctrine: police can listen in on a private conversation without a warrant, as long as they do not PHYSICALLY enter a legally protected space.

Trespass

Which of these is NOT a primary function of policing?

Legislation

Who appoints the U.S. Attorney General?

President of the United States

Who typically compiles the pre-sentence report?

Probation office

Which amendment guarantees protection against self-incrimination (i.e. right to remain silent)?

5th

Who do prosecutors represent?

The People

True or False: Refusing to talk to the police cannot be used as probable cause for arrest.

True

In ____ the court established PEOPLE and NOT PLACES are protected whenever there is an expectation of privacy.

Katz v. United States

____ established the plain view doctrine: Officers have the right to seize evidence if they are legally in a position to observe the property, and the incriminating character of the property is immediately apparent.

Harris v. United States

Which of the following is NOT a major exception to the search warrant requirement?

Jury Approval

This amendment controls the activities of law enforcement (primarily related to searches and seizures).

4th

Which of these is NOT part of the range of punishments in sentencing (after conviction)?

Bail

____ established that probable cause for a search warrant DOES NOT demand proof beyond reasonable doubt.

Illinois v. Gates

In this case, the Supreme Court found that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think that the suspects are armed.

Terry v. Ohio

___ is the process of jury selection.

Voir Dire

How many U.S attorneys are there?

93

What are the two types of general sentencing structures?

Indeterminate and determinate

True or False: In Town of Castlerock v. Gonzales, the Supreme Court established that police have no obligation to enforce the right to privacy.

True

True or False: The office of the District Attorney is an elected position.

True

Your Miranda rights include which of the following?

RIght to an attorney

True or False: Stops are also considered seizures, and are therefore covered under the Fourth Amendment.

True

This case established the exclusionary rule (i.e. cannot introduce illegally obtained evidence at trial) at the FEDERAL level.

Weeks v. U.S.

Which of the following statements about warrants is NOT true?

Warrants are given out by the chief of police

Who is the current U.S attorney General?

Pam Bondi