Sports Psych- quiz 2

According to Holland’s Pyramid Model of personality, which layer is the most stable and least likely to change?

Psychological core

The Big Five theory of personality includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Competitiveness

Which approach to personality emphasizes that behavior is shaped by both individual traits and the environment?

Interactional

What is one key finding in personality research on athletes?

Elite athletes tend to be more motivated, confident, and mentally tough.

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive strategy linked to athletic success?

Self-talk and imagery

A group differs from a team in that:

Teams have collective goals and structured roles, while groups may not.

In Tuckman’s model, which stage is characterized by conflict and disagreement within a team?

Storming

The Ringelmann Effect refers to:

Individuals performing worse as group size increases.

Which effect suggests weaker members improve their effort when paired with stronger teammates?

Kohler effect

According to Carron’s model, task cohesion refers to:

Commitment to achieving team goals.

Which of the following is a guideline for building cohesion?

Clarify roles and set team goals

The MAPS approach to cohesion includes:

Mission, Assessment, Planning, Systematic evaluation

Personality

The sum of the characteristics that make a person unique; shaped by genetics and environment.

Holland’s Pyramid Model

Framework showing personality layers: psychological core (deepest values), typical responses, and role-related behavior (most changeable).

Big Five Personality Traits

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN).

Approaches to Personality

1) Psychodynamic (unconscious processes), 2) Trait (stable personality characteristics), 3) Situational (behavior shaped by environment), 4) Interactional (person-situation interaction).

Measuring Personality

Uses tests and inventories (e.g., questionnaires) to assess traits, but results must be interpreted carefully.

Personality Research Findings

No single “athletic personality,” but successful athletes often have higher self-confidence, motivation, and mental toughness.

Cognitive Strategies in Sport

Mental approaches (e.g., imagery, self-talk, goal setting) linked to athletic success.

Role of Sport Psychologist

To understand personality and help athletes use strategies that improve performance and well-being.

Group

A collection of people with mutual influence but not necessarily common goals.

Team

A group with collective identity, structured roles, communication, and a shared purpose toward common goals.

Tuckman’s Model of Group Development

Stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, (and later added Adjourning).

Group Structure

Roles, norms, and leadership patterns that organize group functioning.

Effective Team Climate

Environment where trust, support, and open communication enhance team performance.

Ringelmann Effect

Phenomenon where individual performance decreases as group size increases.

Social Loafing

When individuals put in less effort in a group compared to when working alone.

Kohler Effect

Weaker members of a group perform better when working with stronger members (motivation boost).

Cohesion

The degree to which members stick together and remain united in pursuit of goals.

Carron’s Conceptual Model of Cohesion

Includes task cohesion (commitment to group goals) and social cohesion (quality of interpersonal relationships).

Measuring Cohesion

Surveys and questionnaires that assess task and social cohesion within teams.

Cohesion-Performance Relationship

usually positive: better cohesion is linked to better performance

Other Correlates of Cohesion

Factors such as satisfaction, conformity, stability, social support, and collective efficacy.

Guidelines for Building Cohesion

Strategies include setting team goals, fostering communication, clarifying roles, team-building activities, and developing mutual respect.

MAPS Approach to Cohesion

Mission (shared purpose), Assessment (evaluate goals), Plan (develop strategies), Systematic evaluation (monitor progress).

Holland’s Pyramid Model describes personality as having three levels: psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior.

True

The Big Five personality traits are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

True

The psychodynamic approach to personality focuses mainly on stable traits that do not change.

False

The interactional approach says behavior is the result of both personal traits and the situation.

True

There is one common “athletic personality” shared by all successful athletes.

False

Cognitive strategies such as self-talk, imagery, and goal-setting are linked to athletic success.

True

Teams and groups are the same because both have structured roles and shared goals.

False

In Tuckman’s model, the “storming” stage involves conflict and disagreements.

True

The Ringelmann Effect states that individuals tend to work harder as group size increases.

False

Social loafing occurs when people put in less effort in a group compared to when working alone.

True

The Kohler Effect means weaker members perform worse when paired with stronger teammates.

False

Carron’s model of cohesion distinguishes between task cohesion and social cohesion.

True

Cohesion always guarantees better performance, regardless of the situation.

False

The MAPS approach to cohesion stands for Mission, Assessment, Plan, and Systematic evaluation.

True