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1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure, function and organization in all living organisms.
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells
3 Cell Theory Postulates
Robert Hooke (1665)
discovered the cell with a magnifying glass on oak cork; coined "cells"
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
first to discover live cells; observed unicellular or single-celled organisms that have animal-like properties; coined "animalcules"
Robert Brown (1831)
provided the first account of the nucleus
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
conducted a microscope study of plant structures and concluded that plants are made up of cells.
Theodore Schwann (1839)
concluded that animals are made up of cells.
Rudolph Vicrchow (1858)
suggested that cells came from pre-existing cells through cell division
1. Structure and Support
2. Growth
3. Transport (micro - passive; macro - active)
4. Energy Production
5. Reproduction
Functions of a Cell
4. The activity of the organism is the total activity of the independent cells of
organism.
5. All energy flow of life occurs within the cell.
6. The cells contain hereditary information and is passed on from one to another during cell division.
7. The chemical composition of cell are basically the same in organisms of similar species.
Addition of the Modern Principles of the Cell Theory
3 Major Parts of the Cell
1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell Membrane
Nucleus
largest and most distinct feature of both animal and plant cells which is usually centrally located and serves as the control center of the cell
Nucleus
responsible for cell division and where DNA is located
Nuclear Membrane
double-walled membrane that regulates the exchange of
materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Nucleolus
dark staining body which disappears when the cell is about to divide
Nucleoplasm
liquid matrix that is enveloped or enclosed by the nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
long thread-like or granular structures that are made up of the genetic material and proteins to form chromosomes
Nuclear Pore
protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
material between the nucleus and the outer boundary where organelles are found
Plasma Membrane
semipermeable membrane, determines which material can pass in and out of the cell.
Plasma Membrane
regulates exchange of materials between the cell's internal and external environment
Plasma Membrane
permits cell to cell adhesion and intercellular communication, composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
thin network of membranes within the cytoplasm and continuously connect with the membrane of the nucleus
Ribosomes
small bead-like structures that serves as sites of protein synthesis
Proteins
act as enzymes or catalysts that help speed up chemical reactions in cells
Golgi Apparatus
made up of a system of membrane-bound vesicles where secretory products of the cell are stored and packed for secretion
Golgi Apparatus
polysaccharides synthesized from simple sugars are stored
and packed in these organelles
Golgi Apparatus
prepares proteins and carbohydrates for release into the body
Mitochondira
sites for chemical reactions that extract energy from different
food sources
Mitochondria
called as the powerhouse of the cell for their involvement in cellular respiration
Lysosomes
serve as storage vesicles for hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosomes
function as digestive system for the cell through which food particles ingested by phagocytosis or pinocytosis are digested
Lysosomes
contain chemicals that break down food into new cell-building
materials
Vacuole
fluid-filled spaces found in both animal and plant cells
Vacuole (plant)
take up much of the cell's interior and helps maintain the shape of the cell
Centrioles
structures found outside the nucleus, responsible for formation of spindle fiber in cell division.
Centrioles
self-replicating organelles made up of 9 bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells
Centrioles
appear to help in organizing cell division but are not essential to the process
Cell Wall
rigid, semipermeable membrane in plant cells.
Cell Wall
positioned next to the cell (plasma) membrane
Cell Wall
for protection, structure and support, withstanding turgor
pressure, regulating growth, regulating diffusion, communication and storage
Cell Wall
composed mainly of cellulose
Chloroplasts
oval structures found only in plant cells
Chloroplast
contains the green pigment called chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis
Cytoskeleton
system of filaments or fibers that is present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Cytoskeleton
organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell's shape, and is responsible for the locomotion of the cell itself and the movement of the various organelles within it.
1. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
2. Intermediate Filaments
3. Microtubules
3 Parts of the Cytoskeleton:
Aristote's theory of Spontaneous Generation
states that organisms would simply poof into existence
Aristote's theory of Spontaneous Generation
used senses to see that life came from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma ("vital heat")
pneuma
vital heat
Francesco Redi
first to refute the idea that maggots (the larvae of flies) spontaneously generate on meat left out in the open air
Francesco Redi
predicted that preventing flies from having direct contact with the meat would also prevent the appearance of maggots
John Needham
was a staunch supporter of the theory of spontaneous generation
John Needham
claimed that microorganisms in broth developed independently of other cells
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Did not agree with Needham's conclusion
• Did the same experiment as Needham but covered the flask early
Louis Pasteur
Made an experiment to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
Abiogenesis
holds that the primitive life on Earth originated from lifeless matter, and it took millions of years to transpire.
Thomas Henry Huxley
"Organic chemistry is key to the origin of life"
Stanley-Urey Experiment (1953)
closed system to mimic conditions thought at that time to have existed on the early Earth
1. headed water in flask - sea
2. atmosphere containing H2, CH4, NH3, and water vapor
3. sparks - lightning
4. cooling system - rain
5. specimen collection
Parts of the Stanley-Urey experiment
formaldehyde (CH2O) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and more complex molecules, such as amino acids and long chains of carbon and hydrogen known as hydrocarbons
Results of the Stanley-Urey experiment
Abiogenesis
simple life gradually evolved into complex life from non-living matter
Biogenesis
complex life only arises from pre-existing living things through means of reproduction
0.1 and 1.0 μm.
size of mycoplasmas
10-100 micrometers
size of eukaryotes
Nuclear Lamina
a netlike array of protein filaments (in animal cells, called intermediate fila- ments) that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.
Primordial Soup Theory
ocean contained molecules formed biomolecules from simple organic molecules through complex chemical processes; has yet to be refuted
Ribosomes
more in areas that need more proteins
Ribosomes
reads themRNA sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins
Ribosomes
can be attached/bound or free-floating
Free Ribosomes
function within the cytosol; examples are enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown
Bound Ribosomes
make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosome
Endomembrane System
membranes of this system are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicle
Endoplasmic Reticulum
an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
1. synthesis of lipids.
2. metabolism of carbohydrates.
3. detoxification of drugs and poisons.
4. storage of calcium ions
5. synthesis of sex hormones
functions of the smooth ER
Rough ER
involved with the production, folding, quality control and dispatch of some proteins
Golgi Apparatus
products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations
Golgi apparatus
distinct structural directionality, with the membranes of cisternae on opposite sides of the stack differing in thickness and molecular composition (cis or trans face)
Lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules
Lysosome
carry out intracellular digestion through hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosome
carry out phagocytosis and autophagy
Lysosome
site of protein breakdown
Peroxisome
site of fatty acid breakdown
Peroxisome
protects the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes what is known as oxidative stress in the cell
Mitochondira
are self-replicating and have their own DNA
1. DNA
2. Double membrane
3. Autonomous growth and reproduction
Reasons to support Endosymbiotic Theory
Vacuoles
large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus involved in selective transport
Vacuoles
storage of important organic compounds
Thykaloid
membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs inside the chroloplast
Granum
stack of thykaloid
Stroma
The fluid outside the thylakoids, contains the chloroplast DNA
and ribosomes as well as many enzymes
Microtubules
made of tubulin polymres
Microtubules
Maintenance of cell shape; cell motility; chromosome movements in cell division; organelle movements
Actin Filaments
maintenance of cell shape; changes in cell shape; muscle contraction; cytoplasmic streaming (plant cells); cell motility; cell division (animal cells
Intermediate Filaments
maintenance of cell shape anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina
Intermediate Filaments
made of fibrous proteins coiled into cables
Cell Wall
provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress
Cell Wall
allows cells to develop turgor pressure
Middle lamella
a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glues cell walls together
Cell Membrane
serve as barriers and gatekeepers