Bio Q1M1

1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure, function and organization in all living organisms.

3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

3 Cell Theory Postulates

Robert Hooke (1665)

discovered the cell with a magnifying glass on oak cork; coined "cells"

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

first to discover live cells; observed unicellular or single-celled organisms that have animal-like properties; coined "animalcules"

Robert Brown (1831)

provided the first account of the nucleus

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

conducted a microscope study of plant structures and concluded that plants are made up of cells.

Theodore Schwann (1839)

concluded that animals are made up of cells.

Rudolph Vicrchow (1858)

suggested that cells came from pre-existing cells through cell division

1. Structure and Support

2. Growth

3. Transport (micro - passive; macro - active)

4. Energy Production

5. Reproduction

Functions of a Cell

4. The activity of the organism is the total activity of the independent cells of

organism.

5. All energy flow of life occurs within the cell.

6. The cells contain hereditary information and is passed on from one to another during cell division.

7. The chemical composition of cell are basically the same in organisms of similar species.

Addition of the Modern Principles of the Cell Theory

3 Major Parts of the Cell

1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

3. Cell Membrane

Nucleus

largest and most distinct feature of both animal and plant cells which is usually centrally located and serves as the control center of the cell

Nucleus

responsible for cell division and where DNA is located

Nuclear Membrane

double-walled membrane that regulates the exchange of

materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nucleolus

dark staining body which disappears when the cell is about to divide

Nucleoplasm

liquid matrix that is enveloped or enclosed by the nuclear

envelope

Chromatin

long thread-like or granular structures that are made up of the genetic material and proteins to form chromosomes

Nuclear Pore

protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

material between the nucleus and the outer boundary where organelles are found

Plasma Membrane

semipermeable membrane, determines which material can pass in and out of the cell.

Plasma Membrane

regulates exchange of materials between the cell's internal and external environment

Plasma Membrane

permits cell to cell adhesion and intercellular communication, composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes

thin network of membranes within the cytoplasm and continuously connect with the membrane of the nucleus

Ribosomes

small bead-like structures that serves as sites of protein synthesis

Proteins

act as enzymes or catalysts that help speed up chemical reactions in cells

Golgi Apparatus

made up of a system of membrane-bound vesicles where secretory products of the cell are stored and packed for secretion

Golgi Apparatus

polysaccharides synthesized from simple sugars are stored

and packed in these organelles

Golgi Apparatus

prepares proteins and carbohydrates for release into the body

Mitochondira

sites for chemical reactions that extract energy from different

food sources

Mitochondria

called as the powerhouse of the cell for their involvement in cellular respiration

Lysosomes

serve as storage vesicles for hydrolytic enzymes.

Lysosomes

function as digestive system for the cell through which food particles ingested by phagocytosis or pinocytosis are digested

Lysosomes

contain chemicals that break down food into new cell-building

materials

Vacuole

fluid-filled spaces found in both animal and plant cells

Vacuole (plant)

take up much of the cell's interior and helps maintain the shape of the cell

Centrioles

structures found outside the nucleus, responsible for formation of spindle fiber in cell division.

Centrioles

self-replicating organelles made up of 9 bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells

Centrioles

appear to help in organizing cell division but are not essential to the process

Cell Wall

rigid, semipermeable membrane in plant cells.

Cell Wall

positioned next to the cell (plasma) membrane

Cell Wall

for protection, structure and support, withstanding turgor

pressure, regulating growth, regulating diffusion, communication and storage

Cell Wall

composed mainly of cellulose

Chloroplasts

oval structures found only in plant cells

Chloroplast

contains the green pigment called chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

system of filaments or fibers that is present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton

organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell's shape, and is responsible for the locomotion of the cell itself and the movement of the various organelles within it.

1. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)

2. Intermediate Filaments

3. Microtubules

3 Parts of the Cytoskeleton:

Aristote's theory of Spontaneous Generation

states that organisms would simply poof into existence

Aristote's theory of Spontaneous Generation

used senses to see that life came from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma ("vital heat")

pneuma

vital heat

Francesco Redi

first to refute the idea that maggots (the larvae of flies) spontaneously generate on meat left out in the open air

Francesco Redi

predicted that preventing flies from having direct contact with the meat would also prevent the appearance of maggots

John Needham

was a staunch supporter of the theory of spontaneous generation

John Needham

claimed that microorganisms in broth developed independently of other cells

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Did not agree with Needham's conclusion

• Did the same experiment as Needham but covered the flask early

Louis Pasteur

Made an experiment to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation

Abiogenesis

holds that the primitive life on Earth originated from lifeless matter, and it took millions of years to transpire.

Thomas Henry Huxley

"Organic chemistry is key to the origin of life"

Stanley-Urey Experiment (1953)

closed system to mimic conditions thought at that time to have existed on the early Earth

1. headed water in flask - sea

2. atmosphere containing H2, CH4, NH3, and water vapor

3. sparks - lightning

4. cooling system - rain

5. specimen collection

Parts of the Stanley-Urey experiment

formaldehyde (CH2O) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and more complex molecules, such as amino acids and long chains of carbon and hydrogen known as hydrocarbons

Results of the Stanley-Urey experiment

Abiogenesis

simple life gradually evolved into complex life from non-living matter

Biogenesis

complex life only arises from pre-existing living things through means of reproduction

0.1 and 1.0 μm.

size of mycoplasmas

10-100 micrometers

size of eukaryotes

Nuclear Lamina

a netlike array of protein filaments (in animal cells, called intermediate fila- ments) that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.

Primordial Soup Theory

ocean contained molecules formed biomolecules from simple organic molecules through complex chemical processes; has yet to be refuted

Ribosomes

more in areas that need more proteins

Ribosomes

reads themRNA sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins

Ribosomes

can be attached/bound or free-floating

Free Ribosomes

function within the cytosol; examples are enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown

Bound Ribosomes

make proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes, for packaging within certain organelles such as lysosome

Endomembrane System

membranes of this system are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicle

Endoplasmic Reticulum

an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

1. synthesis of lipids.

2. metabolism of carbohydrates.

3. detoxification of drugs and poisons.

4. storage of calcium ions

5. synthesis of sex hormones

functions of the smooth ER

Rough ER

involved with the production, folding, quality control and dispatch of some proteins

Golgi Apparatus

products of the ER, such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations

Golgi apparatus

distinct structural directionality, with the membranes of cisternae on opposite sides of the stack differing in thickness and molecular composition (cis or trans face)

Lysosome

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules

Lysosome

carry out intracellular digestion through hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosome

carry out phagocytosis and autophagy

Lysosome

site of protein breakdown

Peroxisome

site of fatty acid breakdown

Peroxisome

protects the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes what is known as oxidative stress in the cell

Mitochondira

are self-replicating and have their own DNA

1. DNA

2. Double membrane

3. Autonomous growth and reproduction

Reasons to support Endosymbiotic Theory

Vacuoles

large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus involved in selective transport

Vacuoles

storage of important organic compounds

Thykaloid

membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs inside the chroloplast

Granum

stack of thykaloid

Stroma

The fluid outside the thylakoids, contains the chloroplast DNA

and ribosomes as well as many enzymes

Microtubules

made of tubulin polymres

Microtubules

Maintenance of cell shape; cell motility; chromosome movements in cell division; organelle movements

Actin Filaments

maintenance of cell shape; changes in cell shape; muscle contraction; cytoplasmic streaming (plant cells); cell motility; cell division (animal cells

Intermediate Filaments

maintenance of cell shape anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina

Intermediate Filaments

made of fibrous proteins coiled into cables

Cell Wall

provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress

Cell Wall

allows cells to develop turgor pressure

Middle lamella

a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glues cell walls together

Cell Membrane

serve as barriers and gatekeepers