Chapter 11

what happens when the heart contracts?

oxygenated blood pumped out

what happens when the heart relaxes?

deoxygenated blood enters

pericardium

fluid filled sac that encloses the heart

atria

two upper chambers that recieve blood

ventricles

two lower chambers that pump out blood

atrioventricular valves

located between atria and ventricles

pulmonary circuit

blood travels from the right side of heart to lungs thru pul artery, gets oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, and travels back to heart through pul vein

systemic circuit

oxygenated blood in left atrium pumped to left ventricle to aorta to body.
deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium from vena cavas to right ventricles to lungs and then through left atrium.

pacemaker + location

sets rate at which heart contracts by sending electrical impulses
located on wall of right atrium

sphygmomanometer

measures blood pressure using pressure cuff

what is blood pressure mesured in

millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)

systolic pressure

highest recorded pressure in an artery when contracted

diastolic pressure

lowest recorded pressure in an artery when relaxed

what two factors does blood pressure depend on

cardiac output (blood pumped by heart per minute)
resistance of arteries (elasticity)

blood

connective tissue made of cells and tissue

open circulatory system

invertebrates; tubular heart pumps blood to sinuses, body tissues, and then back to heart.

closed circulatory system

vertebrates; blood remains in blood vessels throughout body

function of blood (6)

transports oxygen, removes waste products, regulates body temp, fight infections, heals wounds

function of plasma

transports fatty acid and vitamins, fights infection

what is plasma made of?

mostly water, proteins, nutrients, waste

red blood cells + what do they contain?

cells that carry oxygen from lungs to tissues. contains hemoglobin.

hemoglobin

protein binds oxygen in lungs and releases it

where are red blood cells produced

bone marrow

shape of RBC function

increases surface area and flexibility

white blood cells functions

guard against infection, fights parasites and bacteria

pus

white blood cells and waste

where are white blood cells produced?

bone marrow

platelet

cell fragments that originate when cytoplasm of bone marrow cells divide

how do platelets stop bleeding in cuts?

they gather at the cut, release clotting factors, produce fibrin, form a scab, and prevent further loss of blood

fibrin

strand-like protein

hemophilia

condition where blood doesn’t clot causing individuals to bleed for longer.

blood vessels include

capillaries, arteries, veins

smooth muscle tissue in blood vessels function

regulates diameter

connective tissue in blood vessels function

expand and contract as blood flows

epithelial tissue in blood vessels function

lines walls

arteries

large blood vessels that carry blood from heart to tissue.

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels

have moist walls to allow for oxygen to get out, and waste in.

veins

blood vessels that return blood from capillaries to the heart

valves in veins

allow blood to flow only towards heart

diffusion

molecules move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower

diffusion gradiant + where?

Gradual change in solute concentration until an equilibrium is reached.

occurs in capillaries

blood pressure

force blood exerts against artery walls.

lymphatic system functions

screens fluids that leave capillaries and returns it to circulatory system

lymph

clear, watery fluid made of protein molecules, salt, glucose, etc

edema

swelling caused when lymph isn’t drained

spleen function

removes old/damaged blood cells, stores platelets, controls amount of blood, immunity

thymus

area where white blood cells mature

lymph nodes

filter out

plaque

patchwork of cholesterol, calcium, fat deposits that stick to interior walls.

atherosclerosis

narrowing of the arteries from plaque

angina pectoris

rises from mild atherosclerosis.

chest pains

treated with angioplasty

angioplasty

small metal tube expands artery

heart attack

rises from severe atherosclerosis

pain in chest, shortness of breath

arteriosclerosis

advanced stage of plaque buildup and arteries can’t stretch.

treated with heart bypass surgery

heart bypass surgery

vein/artery from another location used to make detour around blocked part.

sudden cardiac arrest

heart suddenly sops functioning

caused by coronary heart disease

cardiac defibrillator

resets heart rhythm

arrhythemia

heart beats irregularly

caused by electric activity

treated through implanting an artificial pacemaker or small defibrillator

hypertension (high blood pressure)

person’s blood pressure is 140/90 or higher

causes damaged heart and blood vessels.

heart failure

heart cannot pump blood efficiently because it cannot fill with enough blood or cannot send blood.

improve lifestyle, heart transplant.

aneurysm

bulge in the wall of an artery

caused by injuries, cgenetics, or disease

stroke

blood clot forms in an artery going to the brain

results in paralysis, loss of speech , memory, death