Medical Terminology - Chapter 6: The Blood System

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

plasma, plasm/o

plasma: contains nutrients, hormones, waste products, clotting proteins. something molded or formed.

erythr/o

erythrocytes: transport oxygen to the tissues. red.

leuk/o

leukocytes: support immune system. white.

thromb/o

platelets (thrombocytes): blood clotting

chromat/o

color

coagul/o

clotting, coagulation

-emia

blood, blood condition

erythr/o

red

fibrin/o

fibrin, fibers, threads of a clot

-globin

protein

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

-oid

resembling

-penia

deficiency

phleb/o

vein

-poiesis

to make

-stasis

maintenance of a constant level

hematologic

pertaining to the blood

plasma

straw colored fluid. contains nutrients, hormones, waste products. it's 92% water.

albumin

main protein in the blood, helps prevent fluid from leaking out of the blood vessels and into other tissues.

globulins

a group of proteins found in the blood - play important role in immune system.

fibrinogen and prothrombin

clotting proteins found in plasma

serum

clear, pale yellow plasma fluid that remains after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed.

hemaglobin

a blood protein pigment of erythrocytes in which oxygen is transported.

erythropoietin

a hormone produced in the kidneys that promotes the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.

leukocytes

white blood cells. support immune system.

neurtrophils

formed in red bone marrow, most common type of WBC

phagocytes

immune cells, defense against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi. engulf and consume.

basophils

formed in red bone marrow. least common type of WBC. responsible for the histamines that cause allergic reactions.

eosinophils

formed in red bone marrow then migrate to tissues. destroy some parasites, play a large role in allergic reactions.

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. small granules containing proteins.

lymphocytes

t cells and b cells. formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. identify foreign substances and germs, produce antibodies.

monocytes

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen. largest wbc. they ingest bacteria for immune system.

immunoglobulins

plasma cells that have matured from b cells and make active gamma globulins. help the body attack and kill germs.

platelets (thrombocytes)

blood clotting cells

megakaryocytes

produce platelets

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells

hematopoietic stem cells

immature cells that differentiate into erythrocytes, platelets, or leukocytes as they develop

reticulocytes

RBCs that have just been released from the bone marrow.

antigen

any substance that the body regards as being foreign, which triggers an adverse reaction.

major blood types

A, AB, B, O.

Rh factor

presence or absence of the Rh antigen on RBCs.

type o blood

universal donor because it doesn't contain antigens

type AB blood

can receive all types of blood

blood gases

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

hemostasis

to stop or control bleeding

coagulation

blood clotting, formation of a blood clot

thrombin, fibrinogen

blood proteins in plasma that are clotting agents. when activated, fibrinogen forms fibrin

fibrin

aids in blood clotting and the formation of a scab to help a wound heal

hematologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

phlebotomist

medical professional trained to draw blood from patients for lab tests and other procedures

hypercoagulable state

occurs when blood has an increased tendency to form clots

coagulopathy

bleeding disorder. occurs when bloods ability to clot is impaired. hemophilia and Willebrand's disease are genetic

Von Willebrand disease

bleeding disorder, more common in women. low levels of clotting protein or impaired protein that can lead to heavy, hard to stop bleeding, and menorrhagia during menstrual periods

leukemia

cancer in which there is an abnormal WBC count found in blood forming tissues, organs, and circulating blood.

myeloid leukemia

refers to cells growing in the bone marrow that produce WBCs that develop into large numbers of leukemic cells called myeloblasts.

lymphocytic leukemia

bone marrow is producing abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes.

lymphoma

malignant tumor of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

hodgkin's lymphoma

cancer of immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma

multiple myeloma

malignant tumor of bone marrow cells, second most common type of blood cancer

aplastic anemia

rare but serious. an absence of all formed blood elements caused by a failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.

myelodysplastic syndrome

type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow.

pancytopenia

lower than normal quantities of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

decompression sickness

DCS. the bends. occurs from deep sea diving - accumulated nitrogen can form bubbles in the blood or tissue.

hypoxia

deficient oxygen levels in the body's tissue and organs

hemochromatosis

iron overload disease - intestines absorb too much iron causing organ damage

hereditary spherocytosis

RBC are spherical rather than flat. fragile and malformed cells have a short life span.

leukopenia

decreased number of leukocytes

neutropenia

a decreased number of neutrophils

polycythemia

bone marrow produces too many erythrocytes. causes blood to thicken, increasing the risk of blood clots and other complications

thrombocytopenia

abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood causing abnormal bleeding.

thrombocytosis

abnormal increase in number of platelets. can occur as a response to injury.

hemorrhage

loss of large amount of blood in a short time

transfusion reaction

a serious, and potentially fatal, complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match

anemia

lower than normal number of erythrocytes in blood. causes fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath.

iron deficiency anemia

the most common form of anemia

megaloblastic anemia

blood disorder in which the rbcs are larger than normal. usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin b12.

pernicious anemia

caused by lack of protein intrinsic factor (IF) that helps body absorb vitamin b12 from the GI tract. autoimmune disease.

hemolytic anemia

inadequate number of circulating blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells caused by the spleen.

hemolysis

process of breaking down erythrocytes

sickle cell anemia

genetic disorder, causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some rbcs assuming a malformed sickle shape.

Thalassemia

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin. results in destruction or large numbers of erythrocytes.

sepsis

potentially life threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream.

complete blood count

CBC.

erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, mean corpuscular volume (size of rbcs), hematocrit

comprehensive metabolic panel

CMP. broad screening tool used to provide info about the state of the body's metabolism by measuring 14 different substance in the blood.

basic metabolic panel

BMP. measures seven different substances in blood: 4 electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose.

blood urea nitrogen test

BUN test - measures amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea, the major end product of protein metabolism found in urine and blood

direct antiglobulin test

DAT. investigates possible hemolytic transfusion reaction

blood clotting test

to determine if blood is clotting properly

blood differential test

measures leukocyte percentage in blood

blood enzyme test

used to diagnose a targeted health issue by measuring specific enzymes

blood gas analysis or arterial blood gas test

ABG. measure amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood. can also indicated blood pH levels.

blood glucose test

measuring glucose and if enough insulin is being produced. can help with diabetes diagnosis.

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ESR. test based on the speed with which the RBCs separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a test tube. elevated rate = inflammation.

hematocrit

HCT. percentage of blood made up of RBCs.

lipoprotein panel blood test

tests for cholesterol and triglycerides

newborn screening

blood test for sickle cell anemia and other genetic, hormone related, and metabolic conditions

prothrombin time

PT. blood coagulation test used to diagnoses conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy.

total protein test

measures albumin and globulin. A/G ratio.