Basic Questions:

• Cell: A small living system with parts that work together to carry out tasks.

• Organelles: Parts of a cell that make up the systems to keep a cell alive

• Unicellular Organism: An Organism with 1 cell

• Multicellular Organism: An Organism with more than 1 cell

• The 5 Groups Of Organisms: Plants, Animals, Protists, Bacteria, Fungi

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Whatever is written in white is the answer

Plants;

• Examples Of Plants: Trees, Grass, Herbs, Flowers etc.

• Energy For Plants: Plants Make their own energy by photosynthesis

• Where Can Plants Live: Water or Land

• Examples of Water Plants: Water Lillies, Elodea

• Plants are multicellular

Animals;

• Animals Can be Divided into Vertebrates and Invertebrates

• Vertebrates: Animals With Backbones

• Invertebrates: Animals Without Backbones

• Are Animals Multicellular?: Yes

• Are there more invertebrates or vertebrates: Invertebrates

• How do we gain energy: By Eating

Fungi;

• How does Fungi gain energy?: They gain energy from absorbing the dead or decaying matter

• What process can't Fungi carry out; They can’t carry out photosynthesis

• Can these organisms be both single-celled and multi-celled?: They can be unicellular or multicellular

Protists;

• They are usually found in moist or wet environment

• Protists can be unicellular or multicellular

• They have the organelles of an animal cell

• They can also have the organelles of plant cells

• The ones with plant cell organelles, they can do photosynthesis

• The ones with animal cell organelles only, they have to hunt in their environment for food

Bacteria;

• Bacteria is Unicellular

• It is the most basic organism

• They don’t have a nuecleus

• Some bacteria gather in colonies

• The bacterium that causes strep throat is a bacterium colony

Unicellular Organisms;

• These organisms need to be seen under a microscope

• Unicellular Organisms are most often called micro-organisms

Nutrition;

• Most unicellular organisms need to move around to find food and cant do photosynthesis

• Some protists and some types of bacteria are the exception

• Euglena is a protist with both animal and plant cell organelles, it can do photosynthesis

• Fungi and bacteria interact with each other to gain nutrients

Paramecia;

• These are animal-like protists

• They live in aquatic environment

• They have cilia all over their body that beat in unison, this creates water currents that they move in

• The oral grove also has cilia to get food particles into it so it can take it in and make a food vacuole

• The nutrients that are taken from the food particles in the food vacuole will be diffused into the cytoplasm

• The waste goes out the anal pore

Amoeba;

• These are animal-like protists

• They must move around to find food

• They use phagocytosis to feed on organisms

• The food vacuole it creates acts as a digestion chamber and storage of food

• When it needs nutrients, chemicals break down the food and take all the nutrients

• Once all the nutrients are taken, it diffuses into the cell before exocytosis where it is removed

Steps of Phagocytosis;

1. The organism moves to the food particle and extends its pseudopods

2. It creates a food vacuole after fully incasing the food particle

Gas Exchange;

• Most organisms need oxygen to survive

• The chemical reactions needed for taking nutrients out of food requires oxygen and carbon dioxide as the waste product

• In unicellular organisms, oxygen diffuses across the cell membrane into the cell, this means there is a steady exchange of gasses across the cell membrane

• The carbon dioxide diffuses out of the unicellular organism when the concentration of carbon dioxide is more in the cell than outside the cell

• Some micro-organisms such as fungi and bacteria can survive without oxygen

Responding To The Environment;

• Humans have 5 senses to respond to the environment: Sight, Smell, Taste, Touch, Hearing

• Unicellular organisms don’t have this ability

• Some bacteria can detect chemicals in their area such as sugar and move accordingly

• Photosynthetic protists can detect light in their area and move to it to gain energy

Movement and Locomotion;

• Movement: A change in shape or figure of part or all of an organism

• Locomotion: Movement that takes an object from one place to another

• White blood cells use movement to take in harmful organisms and stop them using their pseudopods

• Locomotion happens with unicellular organisms when they use flagella or cilia to create water currents to move

Multicellular Organisms;

• The Douglas Fir tree is one of the largest organisms on earth, standing at 76 meters tall and almost 3 meters in diameter

• Multicellular organisms use all its cells to perform life processes

Specialization And Differentiation;

• All multicellular organisms start as one cell that duplicates over time

• The number of cells determine the size of the organism

• When a cell divides, it stays close to the other cells

• As the number of cells increases, each cell becomes better at one particular job, they are specialized to do one job well to help the multicellular organism

• Specialized cells are put into groups that do the same jobs as them, for example all the cells in the heart are made to pump blood and not digest food

• Cell specialization takes place early on in a multicellular organism

• There are 4 main types of cells; Nerve Cells, Muscle Cells, Fat Cells, Epithelial Cells

Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems;

• Within multicellular organisms, differentiated cells are organized according to the function they perform

Tissues;

• A group of cells with similar functions are called tissues

• There are four basic Tissues: Muscle Tissue, Epithelial Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Connective Tissue

• In plants, tissues are made up of thin plant cell walls and is commonly found in areas where water and nutrients are transported

Organs;

• An organ is 2 or more specialized tissues that work together to do one or more functions in the organism

• In plants, stems, leaves, flowers, and roots are the organs

• Skin is the largest organ

Organ Systems;

• Organs never work alone

• Organ System: 2 or more organs that work together to do a certain function

• Organ Systems overlap the use of certain organs

• Organ systems are interdependent to the brain

• Animal Organ Systems: Digestive System, Nervous System, Circulatory System, Respiratory System, Musculoskeletal System

• Plants Organ Systems: Root System, Shoot System

Circulatory System;

• The circulatory systems major function is to transport nutrients, gases, and waste to and from the cell in the organism

• The major organs in the circulatory system are the heart and blood vessels

• The circulatory system uses the epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues

Respiratory System;

• The respiratory systems major function is to exchange O2 and CO2 between blood and the external environment

• The major organs in the respiratory system are the lungs, windpipe, and blood vessels

• The respiratory system uses the epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues

Digestive System;

• The digestive systems major function is to break food particles down and takes the nutrients and then lets it get transported by the circulatory system

• The major organs in the digestive system are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, and anus.

• The digestive system uses the epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues

Musculoskeletal System;

• The musculoskeletal systems major functions are to give structural support, keep internal structures safe from the outside, and help in movement and locomotion.

• The major organs of the musculoskeletal system are the bones and muscles

• The musculoskeletal system uses the epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues.

Nervous System;

• The nervous systems major functions are to respond to the changes in or outside of the body and coordinates the function of all other organ systems.

• The major organs in the nervous system are the brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, taste buds.)

• The nervous system uses the epithelial, connective, and nervous tissues.

Multicellular Organisms Meeting Their Needs;

• You have needs that must be met every day

• You must respond to your environment to stay alive

Systems Working Together;

• It is important for all systems in a multicellular organism to work together

• The respiratory, digestive, and circulatory system help get us oxygen and nutrients, the two most important materials for energy in the body

• An organism is only as strong as its weakest system

• If an organ system is not doing its job properly, other organ systems that depend on it will also start to fail and it can affect the whole organism

Nutrition In Humans;

• Food is taken down the digestive system to have the nutrients absorbed from it and the waste be exited out of the body

Digestive System Steps;

1. First the teeth and chemicals known as saliva in the mouth break down the food

2. Swallowing brings it to the esophagus where it is pushed down into the stomach

3. Cells in the stomach release chemicals to breakdown the food further

4. Then it is moved to the intestines where the nutrients are absorbed

5. Undigested food is passed out by the anus

Nutrition for Earthworms Steps;

1. They use the pharynx to suck in food

2. The esophagus moves it to the crop which stores its food and moistens it

3. Then it is moves to the gizzard which is a specialized stomach that contains small particles of gravel and sand that break down tough food

4. Then in the intestine, it uses chemicals to take in the nutrients and the waste is then passed out by the anus

Nutrition for Plants Steps;

1. Roots absorb nutrients and water from the soil

2. It then uses Xylem vessels to move those materials all across the plant

3. It moves it to the leaves where the stroma in the leaves take in carbon dioxide and sunlight to do photosynthesis

4. When it gets the sugar formed energy, phloem vessels transport it to the rest of the plant

5. The excess sugars are stored in the stem and roots for storage

Digestive System:

Section of a Leaf