Cognitive Psychology: Long Term Memory

Cognitive Psychology flashcards covering various aspects of Long Term Memory, including definitions, types, concepts, and processes.

Cognitive Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and mental processes.

Long Term Memory (LTM)

An 'archive' of information about past events and knowledge learned.

Working Memory

The active processing of information held in short-term memory.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

The system for temporarily holding a limited amount of information.

Explicit Memory

Memory that involves conscious recollection of information.

Implicit Memory

Memory that does not require conscious thought.

Episodic Memory

Memory for specific personal experiences and events.

Semantic Memory

Memory for facts and general knowledge.

Primacy Effect

Better recall for items presented at the beginning of a list.

Recency Effect

Better recall for items presented at the end of a list.

Serial Position Curve

A graphical representation of memory recall over a sequence of items.

Coding

The process of translating information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Semantic Encoding

Encoding of information based on its meaning.

Proactive Interference

When old information hinders the recall of new information.

Recognition Memory

The ability to identify previously encountered stimuli.

Forgetting Curve

Graphical representation of the decline of memory retention over time.

Mental Time Travel

The ability to revisit past experiences in one's mind.

Self-Knowing

Awareness of one's own past experiences.

Remember/Know Procedure

A method to assess different types of memory recollection.

Implicit Memory Examples

Procedural memory, priming, and conditioning.

Procedural Memory

Memory for the performance of particular types of actions.

Priming

Exposure to a stimulus influences response to a subsequent stimulus.

Conditioning

Learning process that pairs a neutral stimulus with a response.

Episodic vs. Semantic

Episodic relates to personal experiences while semantic pertains to facts.

Semanticization

Process where specific episodic details are forgotten but the general meaning is retained.

Rehearsal

The process of repeatedly practicing information to encode it into memory.

Content Validity

The extent to which a test measures the intended content.

Cognitive Load

The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

Memory Consolidation

The process of stabilizing a memory trace after its initial acquisition.

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that help retrieve memories from long-term memory.

Dual Coding Theory

The theory that memory is enhanced by using both verbal and pictorial information.

Flashbulb Memory

A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid snapshot of a moment.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

A long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons.

Declarative Memory

Memory that can be consciously recalled, like facts and events.

Nondeclarative Memory

Memory that is not consciously recalled, such as skills.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced by a person who holds two or more contradictory beliefs.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.

False Memory

A recollection that people believe to be true but is actually distorted or fabricated.

Serial Recall

Recalling items in the order in which they were presented.

Free Recall

Recalling items without any specific order.

Context-Dependent Memory

Improved recall when the encoding context matches the retrieval context.

State-Dependent Memory

Improved recall when the physical or mental state during retrieval matches that during encoding.

Long-Term Memory Storage

The process of maintaining information in long-term memory.

Association Networks

Concepts that are connected in memory through associations.

Chunking

Breaking down information into smaller, manageable units.

Mnemonics

Techniques used to improve memory.

Retention Interval

The time period between learning and recall of information.

Memory Overloads

Memory failures due to excessive information intake.

Nostalgic Recall

The recollection of evoked memories or feelings of longing for the past.

Cognition

The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge through thought.

Cognitive Neuroscience

Field that studies the biological processes underlying cognition.

Schema

A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Memorial Strategies

Techniques used to enhance memory performance.

Cognitive Biases

Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

Attention Span

The length of time a person can concentrate on a task without becoming distracted.

Memory Failure

Inability to recall or recognize information.

Overlearning

Practice that extends beyond the point of initial mastery.

Spaced Repetition

Learning technique that incorporates increasing intervals of review.

Adaptive Learning

Customized instructional methods that adapt to the learner.

Memory Retrieval

The process of accessing information stored in memory.

Mental Mapping

A strategy used to organize information visually.

Expertise Effect

Improvement of memory performance due to extensive knowledge in a field.

Emotional Memory

Memories encoded with a strong emotional component.

Memory Enhancement Techniques

Various strategies to improve memory retention and recall.

Knowledge Acquisition

The process of obtaining and developing knowledge.

Eclectic Approach

Combining multiple techniques or strategies for better results.

Comprehension Monitoring

Tracking one’s understanding of what is read or studied.

Imagery

The use of vivid and descriptive language to create mental pictures.

Conceptual Priming

Facilitation of a response based on meanings rather than direct associations.

Semantic Memory Specificity

The unique storage and recall of factual information in memory.

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)

Brain responses that are the direct result of specific sensory, cognitive, or motor events.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.

Learning Curve

Graphical representation of the relationship between learning and experience.

Contextual Priming

The influence of context on the perception of information.

Attentional Control

The ability to focus on relevant stimuli while ignoring distractions.

Reconstructive Memory

Memory that may be distorted by the individual's associations and expectations.

Consolidation Phase

The period after learning when memories are stabilized.

Sensory Memory

The brief retention of sensory information.

Episodic Future Thinking

The ability to project oneself into the future to imagine an experience.

Cognitive Flexibility

The mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts.

Memory Networks

A system of interconnected memories that facilitate retrieval.

Information Processing Model

A framework to explain how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Visual Encoding

The use of visual images to help retain information.

Information Retention

The ability to keep information in memory over time.

Transience

The decreasing accessibility of memory over time.

Blocking

The temporary inability to retrieve a memory.

Misattribution

Assigning a memory to the wrong source.

Suggestibility

The tendency to incorporate misleading information into one's memory.

Bias

A tendency to think in a certain way that might lead to misinterpretation.

Memory Palace

A mnemonic device that uses visualization to organize information.

Narrative Memory

Memory structured in a storytelling format.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Technique for improving recall by connecting new information to existing memories.

Intentional Learning

Learning that is goal-directed and deliberate.

Passive Learning

Learning that occurs without active engagement or intention.

Trial and Error

Problem-solving method involving repeated attempts until success is achieved.

Affective Memory

The recall of feelings associated with past experiences.

Rote Learning

Memorization technique based on repetition.

Association Learning

Learning that occurs when two events are repeatedly paired.

Feedback Loop

Process where the outputs of a system are circled back to influence the inputs.

Knowledge Representation

The way knowledge is stored in the mind.