Untitled Flashcards Set

Normative social influence

Influence to conform to the positive expectations of others.

Dispositional attribution

Attributing behavior to internal factors, such as personality traits.

Informational social influence

Influencing others when individuals are uncertain about their own opinions.

Situational attribution

Attributing behavior to external factors, such as the environment.

Persuasion

The act of convincing others to believe or do something.

Explanatory style

The way individuals explain events and experiences.

Optimistic explanatory style

A tendency to attribute positive events to internal, permanent causes.

Pessimistic explanatory style

A tendency to attribute negative events to internal, permanent causes.

Central route persuasion

Persuasion that involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the messages content.

Peripheral route persuasion

Persuasion that involves superficial cues rather than the actual content.

Actor/observer bias

The tendency to attribute one's own actions to situational factors and others' actions to dispositional factors.

Halo effect

The tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors in explaining others' behavior.

Self-serving bias

The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Internal locus of control

The belief that one controls their own destiny and outcomes.

External locus of control

The belief that outside forces determine fate.

Conformity

Aligning one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to be consistent with others.

Obedience

Compliance with the commands or orders of an authority figure.

Mere exposure effect

The phenomenon where people develop a preference for things merely because they are exposed to them repeatedly.

Collectivism

A cultural value that emphasizes the importance of the group over the individual.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

The phenomenon where a belief or expectation brings about its own fulfillment.

Multiculturalism

The presence of, or support for, multiple cultural traditions within a society.

Social comparison

Evaluating oneself in relation to others.

Group polarization

The tendency for group discussions to amplify the dominant position of group members.

Upward social comparison

Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better.

Groupthink

A situation where groups make faulty decisions due to a desire for harmony.

Downward social comparison

Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be worse off.

Diffusion of responsibility

A phenomenon where individuals feel less responsible for their actions when in a group.

Relative deprivation

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Social loafing

The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group.

Stereotype

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness in groups, often resulting in behavior that is not typical of the individual.

Cognitive load

The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.

Social facilitation

The improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.

Prejudice

A preconceived opinion or judgment about a person or group that is not based on reason or actual experience.

False consensus effect

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs.

Discrimination

Unjust treatment of different categories of people, often based on race, age or sex.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Implicit attitudes

Unconscious beliefs or feelings toward objects or people.

Social traps

Situations where individuals or groups are drawn into behavior that is harmful for all.

Just-world phenomenon

The belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve.

Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

The scientific study of human behavior in organizations and the workplace.

Out-group homogeneity bias

The perception that members of an out-group are more similar to each other than they really are.

Burnout

A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged and excessive stress.

In-group bias

The tendency to favor one's own group over others.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture.

Prosocial behavior

Intentional actions aimed at helping others.

Belief perseverance

The tendency to hold on to one's beliefs even when faced with contrary evidence.

Social debt

The obligation to repay others for past favors or kindness.

Confirmation bias

The tendency to seek out or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.

Social reciprocity norm

The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits.

Cognitive dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced when one's beliefs are inconsistent with their actions.

Social responsibility norm

The expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Social norms

Rules or standards of behavior deemed acceptable in a group or society.

Bystander effect

The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help a victim when other people are present.

Social Influence theory

A theory that explains how individuals' thoughts and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others.

Situational variables

Factors in the environment that can influence behavior.

Attentional variables

Variables that affect the focus of attention in social situations.