Psychology Exam 9

What are Freud's five psychosexual stages of childhood during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

What do today's psychologists give Freud credit for?

All answers are correct

What Freudian term describes the ego's protective method of reducing the tension, and resulting anxiety, between the demands of the id and superego by unconsciously distorting reality?

Defense mechanism

According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, what is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories?

Unconscious

What Freudian term describes the lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts are unresolved?

Fixation

Which basic psychoanalytic defense mechanism functions indirectly and unconsciously, underlies all other defense mechanisms, and banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories that may appear as symbols in dreams or as slips of the tongue?

Repression

According to Freud, what phallic stage term describes a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy for his father?

Oedipus complex

Respectively, which historic perspective on personality (our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting) focuses on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment and which historic perspective on personality focuses on how our childhood sexuality and hidden unconscious motivations influence our personality?

Humanistic, psychoanalytic

The conflict between impulse and restraint is illustrated by what three respective Freudian human personality terms - (1) functioning on the principle of reality by satisfying aggressive desires in moderate ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain (2) operating on the pleasure principle by demanding immediate gratification and satisfaction of basic sexual and aggressive drives (3) representing internalized ideals and providing standards for judgment and for future aspirations?

Ego, id, superego

What term describes a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing?

Free association

What term describes the pioneering psychoanalysts that accepted Freud's basic ideas but doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations and placed more emphasis on the conscious mind's role in coping with the environment?

Neo-Freudians

What is the almost universal agreement among the scientific community regarding projective tests?

They are not reliable nor valid

Researchers Adler and Horney agreed with Freud that childhood was important, however they disagreed with him by believing that what tensions were crucial for personality formation?

Social

Because evaluating personality from Freud's perspective requires a road into the unconscious mind, psychoanalysts use what tool that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics?

Projective tests

What theory of personality views our behavior as emerging from the interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences?

Psychodynamic

Current psychological researchers believe that the unconscious processes information without our awareness and does not contain seething passions and repressive censoring, but what researcher was originally correct that we have limited access to all that goes on in our minds?

Sigmund Freud

Research supports Freud's idea that we defend ourselves against anxiety and what term describes that thinking about one's mortality provokes death anxiety that increases our contempt for others and esteem for ourselves?

Terror-management theory

What term describes researcher Jung's now discounted idea that we have a common reservoir of images, or archetypes, derived from our species' universal experiences?

Collective unconscious

Research supports Freud's idea of unconscious defense mechanisms and what term describes the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors?

False consensus effect

What is the most widely used psychoanalytic test that identifies people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of smudges?

Rorschach inkblot test

What is the ultimate hierarchy of needs level that describes people who are motivated to fulfill their potential and are notable for their productive lives, are secure in their sense of who they are, and whose interests are problem-centered rather than self-centered?

Self-actualization

Humanistic psychologists' view of personality focuses on what potential?

All answers are correct

How do most humanistic psychologists assess personality and determine if our actual-self and our ideal-self concepts are aligned which would indicate a positive self-concept?

Questionnaire

According to researcher Rogers' person-centered perspective, people are basically good, are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies and require a growth-promoting climate containing what conditions?

Acceptance, genuineness, empathy

Around the 1960s, what type of psychologists became discontented with Freud's negative study of the base motives of sick people, and in response, emphasized human potential and seeing the world through the subject's eyes, not the researcher's eyes?

Humanistic

For humanistic psychologists, a central feature of personality is what, which describes all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves and answers the question, "who am I?"

Self-concept

According to humanistic psychologists, if our self-concept is positive, we perceive the world positively, but if our self-concept is negative, we fall short of our what, which will leave us feeling dissatisfied and unhappy?

Ideal-self

Humanistic psychology is pervasive, but how have Maslow's and Rogers' ideas specifically influenced us?

All answers are correct

Researcher Maslow believed that if what is fulfilled, people will strive toward self-actualization and self-transcendence?

Physiological needs

Humanistic psychology's critics complain that its concepts and values are what?

Vague and subjective

Which theory on personality focuses on conscious motives and attempts to define stable and enduring behavior patterns?

Trait

What are the Big Five personality factors?

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability), openness, extraversion

What is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests which are questionnaires originally developed to identify emotional disorders but are now used for many other screening purposes?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Even though people can fake answers to create a good impression, what type of assessment is developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups?

Empirically derived test

British psychologists Eysenck and Eysenck believe we can reduce many of our normal individual variations to which two genetically influenced dimensions?

Extroversion, introversion, emotionally stable, emotionally unstable

What currently is the best approximation of the basic genetically influenced trait dimensions?

The Big Five

What term describes a characteristic pattern of behavior, or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports?

Trait

Human behavior varies widely from situation to situation and critics of what theory on personality point out that it cannot predict behavior in any one particular situation?

Trait

Despite human behavior variations, a person's average outgoingness, happiness, or carelessness over many different situations is what?

Predictable

There is growing evidence that our biology influences personality factors and PET scans show that a person with which personality trait seeks stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low?

Extraversion

What term describes the attitude that people accept more responsibility for good deeds or successes than for bad deeds or failures and see themselves as better than average?

Self-serving bias

The best means of predicting future behavior is directly related to what?

Past behavior patterns in similar situations

What modern personality perspective proposed by researcher Bandura emphasized the interaction of people's traits and their situations?

Social-cognitive perspective

Respectively, what concept by Researcher Markus describes the visions of the self we dream of becoming (rich, successful, loved) and the self we fear becoming (unemployed, lonely, a failure) and what term describes overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders?

Possible selves, spotlight effect

In studying how we interact with our environment, social-cognitive psychologists emphasize what term that describes our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless?

Personal control

What term describes the perspective of personality development that focuses on the effects of learning, that we are conditioned to repeat certain behaviors, and that we learn by observing and imitating others?

Behavioral perspective

Respectively, what term describes defining our identity by giving priority to the goals of our group (Asian ideal) and what term describes defining our identity by giving priority to our own goals over the group's goals (North American ideal)?

Collectivism, individualism

Respectively, what requires enough optimism to provide hope and enough pessimism to prevent complacency and what term describes the scientific study of optimal human functioning that aims to discover and promote strength and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive?

Success, positive psychology

What term describes the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and the environment?

Reciprocal determinism

What term describes our feeling of self-worth that causes people to have fewer sleepless nights, succumb less easily to pressures to conform, say no to drugs, be less lonely, and have a happier life?

Self-esteem

What term describes a condition in which a person has a limited mental ability but has at least one exceptional skill, such as the character in the movie "Rain Man"?

Savant syndrome

What term is assessed by the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) and describes a person who is both socially and self-aware and has the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and express emotions?

Emotional intelligences (EI)

What term describes an intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities, is measured by every task on an intelligence test, and predicts performance on various complex tests and in various jobs?

General (g) intelligence

What term describes a statistical procedure that identifies different dimensions (clusters) of performance on a test that underlies a person's total score?

Factor analysis

In his book, Frames of Mind, Howard Gardner describes what revolutionary theory that argues that all eight forms of intelligence have value and that it is one's culture and context to place a greater value on some capacities?

Multiple intelligences

What are the three aspects of multiple intelligences that researcher Sternberg distinguishes from Howard Gardner?

Creative, analytical, practical

What part of the brain was labeled the "global workspace for organizing and coordinating information" and may also provide a greater capacity for learning?
1/1

Frontal lobe

Respectively, what term describes the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations and what term describes a method for assessing people's mental abilities and comparing them with others, using numerical scores?

Intelligence, intelligence test

Newer studies use what type of neural imaging device to directly measure brain volume and make a correlation of +.33 between brain size and intelligence scores?

MRI

Studies have shown that what type of people have more brain synapses, take in information more quickly, and show faster brain wave responses to simple stimuli such as flashes of light?

Highly intelligent

What term describes a measure of an intelligence test that was designed by Alfred Binet in 1904 as a practical guide for identifying slow learners in need of special help and measured the chronological age that most typically corresponded to a given level of performance?

Mental age

What widely used intelligence test yields an overall intelligence score, scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Despite not working well for adults or non Anglo-Saxons, today's intelligence tests produce a mental ability score based on a test-taker's performance relative to what?

The average performance of others the same age

Respectively, what term describes defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group and what term describes the symmetrical bell shaped curve that expresses the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes?

Standardization, normal curve

Today, Binet probably would not approve of how his test was utilized and even Terman came to appreciate what about intelligence test scores?

All answers are correct

Respectively, what term describes the extent to which a test yields consistent results and what term describes the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to?

Reliability, validity

What is the formula for calculating an intelligence quotient on which approximately 2/3 of the population would score between 85 and 115?

IQ = ma/ca X 100

Respectively, what term describes a test that reflects what you have learned and what term describes a test that predicts your ability to learn a new skill?

Achievement, aptitude

Respectively, what term describes the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test and what score is assigned for average performance?

Stanford-Binet test, 100

Respectively, what term describes the extent to which a test samples the behavior (criterion) that is of interest (such as on a driver's test) and what term correlates the success with which a test predicts the behavior (criterion) it is designed to predict (criterion of future performance)?

Content validity, predictive validity

What term describes our ability to reason speedily and abstractly when solving a novel logic problem that decreases slowly in our twenties and thirties up to age 75, then more rapidly after age 85?

Fluid intelligence

Cross-sectional studies where researchers test and compare people of various ages are flawed because they not only compare people of different ages, they also compare what?

All answers are correct

Before what age do intelligence tests rarely predicts children's future aptitudes with the exception of extremely impaired or precocious children?

3

Why might more intelligent people live longer?

All answers are correct

Intelligence tests that assess speed of thinking give whom the disadvantage due to slower neural processing, which does not necessarily mean less intelligence?

Older adults

What is a condition of an intellectual disability with associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic make-up?

Down syndrome

An intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below what?

70

A longitudinal study, which retests the same people over a period of years (cohort), found what about intelligence as we got older?

Intelligence remained stable and sometimes increased

What term describes one's accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies that increase into old age?

Crystallized intelligence

What term most accurately describes the placing of students in separate classes with others who share their level of aptitude which critics argue promotes segregation and prejudice?

Tracking

What conclusion can be drawn from the fact that the IQ scores correlate lower for fraternal twins raised together than the correlation of IQ scores of identical twins raised together?

There is a genetic effect on intelligence

What type of people have almost exactly the same intelligence test scores, similar math, music, and sports talents, and have comparable grey and white matter volume?

Identical twins

With age, mental similarities between adopted children and whom wanes to a correlation of roughly 0?

Adoptive families

There is a large body of evidence indicating that there is little if anything to be gained by exposing middle-class children under the age of four to what type of an environment in order to give them a superior intellect?

Enriched

What term describes that intelligence involves many genes with each gene accounting for less than 1 percent of intelligence variations?

Polygenetic

What has a significant effect on what we can accomplish with our intelligence, rivals previous grades and aptitude, and can affect intelligence test performance?

Motivation

What term describes the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes?

Heritability

What term describes the belief that intelligence is set and unchanging?

Fixed mindset

What term describes the belief that intelligence is changeable which results in a focus on learning and growth?

Growth mindset

What can retard normal brain development?

All answers are correct

A biased test predicts less accurately for one group than for another, therefore most experts do not consider what type of tests to be significantly biased?

Aptitude

What term describes a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype which may impair attention and learning?

Stereotype threat

We should see the benefits of testing mental abilities without misinterpreting the scores as literal measures of a person's potential because intelligence tests reflect only one aspect of a person's competence; what is another competence not reflected on an intelligence test?

All answers are correct

High-scoring groups and individuals on mental ability tests are more likely to attain what?

Greater education and income

In what way do boys' mental ability scores differ?

Boys have better spatial ability and can solve complex math problems better

In what way do girls' mental ability scores differ?

All answers are correct

What was the result of the 1932 general (g) intelligence test of 11-year-old Scottish boys and girls?

The scores were nearly identical

What measures your developed abilities that reflect, in part, your education and cultural experiences and may be somewhat biased?

Intelligence tests

Researcher Steele concludes that telling students they probably will not succeed functions as a stereotype that can erode performance and cause them to detach what from academic achievement and look for recognition elsewhere?

Self-esteem

Evidence suggests that what is largely, perhaps entirely, responsible for racial gaps on test scores?

Environmental differences