Bio Unit 4 & 5 Flashcards

Cell Membrane or plasma

Controls what comes into and out of a cell, separates cell from external environment, outer boundary of cell; found in plant, animal, bacterial cells

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found; plant and animal cells, bacterial cells

Mitochondria

Produces the ATP a cell needs to carry out its functions, '“powerhouse” of the cell; plant and animal cells

Lysosomes

Uses chemical to break down food and worn out cell parts; animal cells

Vacuole

Stores food, water, wastes and other materials in plant cells; found in animal(many small) and plant(1 large central) Cells.

Golgi Apparatus

Packaging and processing organelle; proteins are modified and prepared for export; plant and animal cells

Chloroplasts(Plastid)

Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis; plant cells

Ribosomes

Location where proteins are assembled; most numerous organelle; plant and animal cells

Nucleus

Contain DNA, which controls the functions of the cell and production of proteins; plant and animal cells

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes; plant and animal cells

Cell

Basic unit of life. All cell contain a cell membrane and DNA. Cell types: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic.

Eukaryote

Cells that contain nuclei; Complex Example: animal cells, plant cells

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain nuclei; Simple Example: bacteria

Cytoskeleton

Provides shape and support for the cell; found in animal, plant, and bacterial cells.

Centrioles

Aid in cell division; animal cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

system of transport tubules within the cell; rough: with ribosomes, smooth: without; found in animal and plant cells

Chromoplasts(Plastid)

Contain accessory pigments that aid in photosynthesis; found in plant cells.

Leucoplasts(Plastid)

Store starch; found in plant cells

Peroxisome

Small, membrane bound, contain toxic peroxides that are safely broken down; plant and animal cells

Cell Walls

Found outside cell membrane, made of cellulose; provides support; found in plant (cellulose), and bacterial (peptidoglycan).

Cell Theory(3 Parts)

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function for all living things

3. Cells arise only from other pre-existing cells

Plant VS. Animal Cell

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane.

Plants use cell walls to provide structure to the plant.

Plant cells contain organelles called chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.

Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic are simpler, Eukaryotic are more complex

Prokaryotic are found only in bacteria, Eukaryotic are found in plant and animals

Prokaryotic does not have a nucleus, Eukaryotic does

Prokaryotic does not have organelles, Eukaryotic does

Cell Specialization (Provide examples)

Cells that have a specialized structure that enables them to better carry out their specific function.

Ex. Nervous Cells(long connections called neurons), Blood Cells(small and narrow to fit through vessels), Fat Cells

Phospholipid function in cell membrane

Provides structure to cell membranes, separating the internal contents of cells from their surroundings.

Function of glycoproteins in cell membrane

Enable cells to recognize another cell as familiar or foreign.

Function of glycolipids in cell membrane

To maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition.

Function of glycocalyx in cell membrane

Surface “fuzz” involved in cell to cell recognition

Function of cholesterol in cell membrane

Provides fluidity to membrane; prevents phospholipid coagulation(clotting)

Function of carrier proteins in cell membrane

Facilitate passage of large and/or polar molecules through membrane; may function via simple diffusion (passive transport) or by ATP (active transport)

Function of channel protein in cell membrane

Provides passage of small, polar molecules across membrane by facilitated diffusion

Function of protein channel in cell membrane

The space between the channel proteins that allows passage of molecules

Function of integral protein in cell membrane

An enzyme, promotes chemical reactions

Function of peripheral protein in cell membrane

An enzyme, promotes chemical reactions

Active Transport

Passage of a substance across a semipermeable membrane that requires the use of ATP energy.  (Larger, polar molecules)

Ion Pumps

Type of active transport, carrier proteins used to move ions across the membrane against the concentration gradient

Exocytosis

passage of large molecules to the outside of the cell w/out going through pores of the cell membrane.  Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane as the molecule is released outside the cell. (Substances leave the cell)

Endocytosis

Type of active transport, taking in large molecules by a cell w/out moving through pores of the cell membrane.  Formation of vesicles as the cell membrane pinches around the substance. (Cell engulfs substance) Types: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptor–Mediated Endocytosis

Type of endocytosis, acquiring specific materials from the environment through use of receptor proteins found at specific sites

-when receptor proteins bind to the appropriate macromolecules outside the cell, the coated pit invaginates (folds inward) to form a vacuole.

Phagocytosis

Type of endocytosis, engulfing whole cells or one-celled organisms; formation of vesicles, broken down by digestive enzymes of lysosome

Pinocytosis

Type of endocytosis, taking in liquids or dissolved solutes by a cell; formation of vesicles, broken down by digestive enzymes of lysosome

Passive Transport

Movement of materials across a membrane which requires no energy other than kinetic energy of molecules

Simple Diffusion

-type of passive transport

- driven completely by kinetic energy of particles

- may or may not include a membrane

- movement of materials from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

(For non-polar, small molecules)

Facilitated Diffusion

Form of passive transport in which substances move from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. with the assistance of proteins within the membrane

Osmosis

Passive transport of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration.

List factors that affect rate of diffusion

Mass, concentration gradient, temperature

List factors that affect ability to diffuse

Molecular size, polarity

Concentration Gradient

exists when there is a difference in concentrations over a distance or across a membrane

Equilibrium

No concentration gradient; equal concentrations

Hypotonic Environment

concentration of solutes outside is lower than concentration of solutes inside the cell (therefore water is greater outside)

Hypertonic Environment

concentration of solutes outside is lower than concentration of solutes inside the cell (therefore water is greater outside)

Isotonic Environment

state of equilibrium, equal concentrations throughout, both inside and outside the cell.  No concentration gradient exists, zero diffusion pressure.

Turgor Pressure

pressure that builds up in a cell due to the inward flow of water; some organisms use a contractile vacuole to expel excess water to lessen turgor pressure

Plasmolysis

 shrinking of a cell from loss of water (happens in a hypertonic environment)

Cytolysis

swelling and bursting of a cell caused by internal pressure(happens in a hypotonic environment)