AP World Guide: Unit 6
Key concepts: Industrialization, imperialism, and global capitalism
Major events: The Industrial Revolution, the rise of nation-states, and the spread of revolutionary ideas
Important regions: Europe, Asia, and Africa in the context of globalization and trade networks.
Key themes: The impact of technological advancements on society and the environment, the emergence of social classes, and the consequences of colonialism on indigenous populations.
Overview:
Anti colonial movements arose as a part of rising nationalist movements that opposed imperialism
Slavery + indentured servitude played a large role in the global economy
Increased migration changed demographics & cultures of both giving & receiving countries
Industrial growth caused the expansion of overseas empires
Important Events:
1780- Tupac Amaru II leads a rebellion verses the Spanish in Peru
1815- Serbia achieves independence as the Ottoman empire weakens
1839- China & Britain begin the 1st Opium War
1857- People in India begin fighting against British rule
1865- Leopold II of Belgium begins rule of Belgium & overseas invasion of Congo
1883-Samory Toure begins fighting against French in Africa
1884- Railroad workers from India begin traveling to Kenya
1886- Europeans meet in Berlin to agree on how to colonize Africa
6.1 Rationales for imperialism
What ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism between 1750 & 1900?
Key terms:
Nationalism- Desire for economic wealth, a sense of religious duty, and a belief of biological superiority (led to the justification of expansionist policies and the subjugation of other nations.)
Imperialism- Various motives for expanding overseas empires
Phrenologists- People who studies skull sizes & shapes
Social Darwinism- Survival of the fittest theory to argue the superiority of whites
Formosa- Present day Taiwan
Key people
Charles Darwin- Scientist who came up theories such as survival of the fittest & natural selection
David Livingstone- Scottish missionary who worked to end illegal slave trade in Sub Saharan Africa
Key Events
Sino-Japanese Wars- Conflict between Japan & China over Korea (Japan got control of Korea)
Need to know: Economics
East India Company (EIC)- Had a monopoly on England’s trade with India
Dutch East India Company (VOC)- Had a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good hope & the Straits of Magellan (Southern South America)
6.2 State Expansion
By what processes did state power shift in various parts of the world between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms:
Sierra Leone- Home for freed people who had been enslaved (British empire)
Gold Coast- Part of Ghana, became a British crown colony in 1874
Congo Free State- Owned by King Leopold II, exploited Congolese
Abyssinia- Present day Ethiopia
Liberia- Country founded by formed slaves from the US
Ceylon- Present day Sri Lanka
Dutch East Indies- Islands producing cash crops to support the Dutch economy
Indochina- French controlled Cambodia, Laos, & present day Vietnam
Malaya- World’s greatest producer of natural rubber during the 19th century
Siam- Present day Thailand
Australia- British penal colonies were located here
Scramble for Africa- Competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa (fear of war among each other)
Monroe Doctrine- European countries should step out of Western Hemisphere (Imperial power to the US)
Manifest Destiny- Belief in a natural & inevitable right of white people to expand to the Pacific ocean
Roosevelt Corollary- 1904, if Latin American countries showed instability, US would intervene
Great Game- Intense rivalry between Britain & Russia competing unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan
Concentration Camps- Wretched conditioned settlements for refugees in Africa, segregated by race
Penal Colonies- Colonies of convicts in Australia
EIC- Crept into India for Britain, controlled India & Pakistan
VOC- Took over spice trade from Portuguese, went bankrupt in 1800
Corvee laborer- Unpaid laborers who were forced to work on the Suez Canal as a form of taxation
Spheres of Influence- Europeans had exclusive trading rights & access to natural resources in China
Settler Colony- Displaces a population & replaces with a new settler population
Afrikaners- Descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers
Maori- Indigenous people of Australia
Colonization Society- Leaders (Japan) planned to establish colonies in Mexico & latin America
Indian Territory- Present day Oklahoma
Quinine- Medicine that treats malaria
Suez Canal- Canal connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean sea
Key People
King Leopold II- Ruler of Belgium (1865-1909), oversaw invasion & pacification of the Congo to convince Belgium to support colonial expansion
Cixi- Empress dowager of China, encouraged Boxers & ordered all foreigners to be killed in 1909
Key Events
Berlin Conference- European countries divided up Africa (1864)
Treaty of Waitangi- Indigenous New Zealanders’ rights were guaranteed by British
Boer Wars- Bloody & brutal conflict between British & Afrikaners over land (1880-1881, 1899-1902)
Seven Years’ War- Global conflict between France & England, 1st global war (other countries got involved)
Taiping Rebellion- Failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan & starving peasants, workers & miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
Boxer Rebellion- Anti-imperialist group known for their martial arts began attacking Chinese Christians & Western missionaries
Spanish-American War- 1898, US bought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines under control as a result of their victory
Trail of Tears- Forced relocation of Eastern Woodlands people (among others) to Indian Territory
6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion
How and why did internal & external factors influence state building between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms
Balkan Peninsula- Sought independence against Ottomans
Vietnam- Resisted French colonization
Philippines- Came under Spanish control in 16th century, did not receive public education until 1863
Sokoto Caliphate- Established slave trade when Britain tried to stop it
Sudan- British returned to Sudan in 1896 & defeated Mahdists in 1898
Asante Empire- Present day Ghana
Ghost Dance- Native American rituals to try & convince the dead to come back & drive out the white settlers
Proclamation of 1763- This act reserved all land between Appalachian Mountains & MS river for Native Americans
Indian Removal Act- 1830, forced Cherokee & other Southeastern Native American tribes to relocate to present day Oklahoma
Indian National Congress- Forum for airing grievances to colonial government (British India), called for self-rule
Cherokee Nation- Assimilated to White culture- farming, weaving, building- but were still forced off their land for natural resources
Aboriginal- Oldest continuous culture on Earth
Maori- Arrived from Polynesia to New Zealand
Xhosa- Group of indigenous people from South Africa
Zulu Kingdom- Located on South African coast of India Ocean
Mahdi- “Guided one”
Pan Africanism- With education, Africans could share identity & nationalism
Sepoys- Indian Soldiers under British employment
Raj- British Indian colonial government
Key People
Tupac Amaru II- Hereditary leader in Southern Peru of Incan descent, charged colonial administration with cruelty, leading to the last Indian revolt against Spain
Benito Juarez- Overthrown by Napoleon, resumed presidency afterwards over the Zapotee in Mexico
Jose Rizal- Started a reform movement in the Philippines called Liga Filipina
Usman de Fodio- Led a group of Muslim intellectuals to start a drive to putting Islam among West African tribes (Housa region)
Muhammad Ahmad- Declared himself Mahdi, or “guided one,” to restore the glory of Islam
Yaa Asantewaa- Mighty warrior queen, led the first woman-led African rebellion against the British
Samory Toure- Led a group of warriors to establish a powerful kingdom in Guinea
Key Events
Indian Rebellion of 1857- Violent uprising of Muslims & Hindus against the British, marked the emergence of Indian nationalism
Philippine Revolution- Filipinos had nationalist ambitions and the education needed to carry them out
Spanish-American War- Americans won at the Battle of Manila Bay
Philippine-American War- Philippines expected freedom with the Spanish American War, but US took control of the Philippines; hostilities broke out
Maori Wars- Maori were alarmed by settlement patterns of the British
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement- Xhosa killed their cattle believing it would drive British settlers off the land; killed thousands of people and caused a famine, but wasn’t successful in driving out the British
Anglo-Zulu War- British defeated Zulus, British annexed the land to the colony of South Africa
Treaty of Paris- Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the US
Treaty of Waitangi- British promised to protect Maori property rights
6.4 Global Economic Development
How did environmental factors contribute to the global economy between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms
Guano- Bat & seabird poop, excellent natural fertilizer
Exported by Peru & Chile
Cotton- Britain banned Indian cotton textiles (the wool industry competitor), US colonies produced cotton & British would manufacture
Rubber- Latex sap of trees & vines
Palm Oil- Important cash crop in West Africa, European factories required palm oil to function
Ivory- Tusks of elephants, used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles & ornamental carvings
Ivory coast (Côte d’Ivoire)- French trading post for ivory & slaves
Copper- Used for telegraph cables & electrical power lines
Produced by Chile, Northern Rhodesia, & Belgian Congo
Tin- Used for canned food tins
Produced by Bolivia, Nigeria, Malay & Dutch East Indies
Gold- Australia, South Africa, Western Africa & Alaska
Diamonds- South African Diamond Rush→ De Beers Mining Co → Apartheid
De Beers Mining Co- Accounted for 90% of world diamond products
Cash Crops- Tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber & coffee, grown for commercial value rather than subsistence
Export Economies- raw material colonies → manufacturers → colonies
Monocultures- Lack of agricultural diversity
Railroads- Lowered the cost of transport of raw materials to Europe & opened up markets for manufactured goods
Steamships- Transported people, mail & goods via navigable rivers
Telegraph- News could travel instantaneously (1832)
Apartheid- South African racial segregation during the 20th century
Key People
Cecil Rhodes- Formed De Beers Mining Co, 1890 became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony- his racist policies paved the way for Apartheid
6.5 Imperialism
What economic factors contributed to the imperialism in the global economy (1750-1900)?
Key Terms
Spice Islands- Present day Indonesia (part of the Dutch East Indies)
Egypt- Embraced cotton as a cash crop before the US civil war & accounted for 93% of Egypt’s exports by 1900
Sudan- Leading cash crop was cotton. Plantation Syndicate, a group of British weaving companies, dictated land use
Uganda- Cotton was encouraged & replaced slaves & ivory as exports
Kenya- Natives were herders but forced to relocate to give the white settlers the good land- used as forced labor for white farmers
Gold Coast- Largest cocoa producer in the world in the 1880s
Argentina- 10% of British foreign investment was in Argentina, became the richest Latin American country as a result
Opium- An addictive drug that relieves pain & reduces stress
Pampas- Argentine grassy plains
EIC- Formed in 1600 to engage in spice trade
VOC- Monopoly on Dutch East Indies & spice trade
Economic Imperialism- Foreign businesses have more economic power beyond borders to take advantage of natural resources
Culture System- Forced farmers to export & grow cash crops or perform corvee labor
Corvee Labor- Unpaid compulsory work
Spheres of Influence- Other countries had influence in x region
Cash crop- grown to be sold
Banana Republics- Small central American countries under economic power of foreign based corporations
Key Events
Opium War- Chinese rejection to British illegal importation of Opium
Treaty of Nanking- Required China to open up 5 additional ports for British use, give Hong Kong to Britain, pay damages & allow free trade (British continued to import Opium)
6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
How did environmental & economic factors contribute to patterns of migration between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms
Colonial Service- System of workers being pressured to work out of intimidation (exploitation, strong→ weak)
Taiping Rebellion (6.2)
Slavery- Americas abolished African slave trade in the early 19th century, the institution declined
Indentured Servants
Contract Laborers- Unskilled Asian laborers/porters exploited as subs for slave labor, working for subsistence wages for British
Colonization Society- Aimed to export Japan’s surplus population & commercial goods (failed agriculture colony in Mexico, contract work in Peru)
Penal colony- Britain- Australia, Georgia was lost to the US. France- Africa, New Caledonia, & French Guiana
Devil’s Island in French Guiana was known for harsh treatment & starvation of convicts
Convicts- Performed hard labor & suffered harsh treatment but were rarely imprisoned
Diaspora- Mass emigrations from a country/region over many years (African slave trade)
Emigrate- any Chinese relocated to Southeast Asia for better conditions; poverty and disorder from Taiping Rebellion
Great Famine (Ireland)- 1845-1849, destroyed potato crop for 4 years. Around 3 million people relocated to the US, England, Canada, Scotland & Australia
6.7 Effects of Migration
How & why did patterns of migration affect society (1750-1900)?
Key Terms:
Remittances- funds from migrants foreign earnings → back home
Ethnic enclaves- Clusters of neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country
Gold rush- many Chinese came to San Francisco
Mauritius- Islands off the SE coast of Africa (Indian migration)
Natal- Colony part of present day South Africa
Natal Indian Congress- Founded by Gandhi
Chinatowns- Chinese enclaves
Kangari System- Families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, & rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma & Malaya
Guyana & Trinidad and Tobago- Indians are currently the largest ethnic group & have culturally blended with Caribbean culture
Scots-Irish- Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland
Canal System- Irish men helped build canals
Pop culture- Irish immigrants became stars such as boxers, baseball players, etc
Kennedys and Fitzgerald’s
Key Policies/Acts
Chinese Exclusion Act- banned further Chinese immigration
Chinese Immigration- Limited the number of Chinese that could enter into Australia
Chinese Immigration Restriction Act- An attempt to reduce # of Chinese immigrants from entering New South Wales (Australia)
Influx of Chinese Restriction Act- Attempted to restrict Chinese immigration via an entrance tax
White Australia Policy- Policy to limit non-British immigration
Key People
Mohandas Gandhi- Worked to expose discrimination against Indians in South Africa, returned to India & became a leader of the Indian Nationalist movement against Britain
Porfirio Diaz- Mexican president, promoted Chinese immigration to Mexico as well as development near the US border
6.8 Causation of the Imperial Age
What was the relative significance of the effects of imperialism (1750-1900)?
Imperialism Overview:
As the manufacturing capacity in industrialized nations grew, availability, affordability, and variety of financial assets and consumer goods increased. However, this increased the demand for natural resources which led to the “conquest of the Earth” to use in manufacturing goods. Significant effects of imperialism are increased migration, the rise of independence movements within colonies, & increased political & economic competition between western European nations.