AP World Guide: Unit 6
Overview:
Anti colonial movements arose as a part of rising nationalist movements that opposed imperialism
Slavery + indentured servitude played a large role in the global economy
Increased migration changed demographics & cultures of both giving & receiving countries
Industrial growth caused the expansion of overseas empires
Important Events:
1780- Tupac Amaru II leads a rebellion verses the Spanish in Peru
1815- Serbia achieves independence as the Ottoman empire weakens
1839- China & Britain begin the 1st Opium War
1857- People in India begin fighting against British rule
1865- Leopold II of Belgium begins rule of Belgium & overseas invasion of Congo
1883-Samory Toure begins fighting against French in Africa
1884- Railroad workers from India begin traveling to Kenya
1886- Europeans meet in Berlin to agree on how to colonize Africa
6.1 Rationales for imperialism
What ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism between 1750 & 1900?
Key terms:
Nationalism- Desire for economic wealth, a sense of religious duty, and a belief of biological superiority (led to the justification of expansionist policies and the subjugation of other nations.)
Imperialism- Various motives for expanding overseas empires
Phrenologists- People who studies skull sizes & shapes
Social Darwinism- Survival of the fittest theory to argue the superiority of whites
Formosa- Present day Taiwan
Key people
Charles Darwin- Scientist who came up theories such as survival of the fittest & natural selection
David Livingstone- Scottish missionary who worked to end illegal slave trade in Sub Saharan Africa
Key Events
Sino-Japanese Wars- Conflict between Japan & China over Korea (Japan got control of Korea)
Need to know: Economics
East India Company (EIC)- Had a monopoly on England’s trade with India
Dutch East India Company (VOC)- Had a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good hope & the Straits of Magellan (Southern South America)
6.2 State Expansion
By what processes did state power shift in various parts of the world between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms:
Sierra Leone- Home for freed people who had been enslaved (British empire)
Gold Coast- Part of Ghana, became a British crown colony in 1874
Congo Free State- Owned by King Leopold II, exploited Congolese
Abyssinia- Present day Ethiopia
Liberia- Country founded by formed slaves from the US
Ceylon- Present day Sri Lanka
Dutch East Indies- Islands producing cash crops to support the Dutch economy
Indochina- French controlled Cambodia, Laos, & present day Vietnam
Malaya- World’s greatest producer of natural rubber during the 19th century
Siam- Present day Thailand
Australia- British penal colonies were located here
Scramble for Africa- Competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa (fear of war among each other)
Monroe Doctrine- European countries should step out of Western Hemisphere (Imperial power to the US)
Manifest Destiny- Belief in a natural & inevitable right of white people to expand to the Pacific ocean
Roosevelt Corollary- 1904, if Latin American countries showed instability, US would intervene
Great Game- Intense rivalry between Britain & Russia competing unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan
Concentration Camps- Wretched conditioned settlements for refugees in Africa, segregated by race
Penal Colonies- Colonies of convicts in Australia
EIC- Crept into India for Britain, controlled India & Pakistan
VOC- Took over spice trade from Portuguese, went bankrupt in 1800
Corvee laborer- Unpaid laborers who were forced to work on the Suez Canal as a form of taxation
Spheres of Influence- Europeans had exclusive trading rights & access to natural resources in China
Settler Colony- Displaces a population & replaces with a new settler population
Afrikaners- Descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers
Maori- Indigenous people of Australia
Colonization Society- Leaders (Japan) planned to establish colonies in Mexico & latin America
Indian Territory- Present day Oklahoma
Quinine- Medicine that treats malaria
Suez Canal- Canal connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean sea
Key People
King Leopold II- Ruler of Belgium (1865-1909), oversaw invasion & pacification of the Congo to convince Belgium to support colonial expansion
Cixi- Empress dowager of China, encouraged Boxers & ordered all foreigners to be killed in 1909
Key Events
Berlin Conference- European countries divided up Africa (1864)
Treaty of Waitangi- Indigenous New Zealanders’ rights were guaranteed by British
Boer Wars- Bloody & brutal conflict between British & Afrikaners over land (1880-1881, 1899-1902)
Seven Years’ War- Global conflict between France & England, 1st global war (other countries got involved)
Taiping Rebellion- Failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan & starving peasants, workers & miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty
Boxer Rebellion- Anti-imperialist group known for their martial arts began attacking Chinese Christians & Western missionaries
Spanish-American War- 1898, US bought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines under control as a result of their victory
Trail of Tears- Forced relocation of Eastern Woodlands people (among others) to Indian Territory
6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion
How and why did internal & external factors influence state building between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms
Balkan Peninsula- Sought independence against Ottomans
Vietnam- Resisted French colonization
Philippines- Came under Spanish control in 16th century, did not receive public education until 1863
Sokoto Caliphate- Established slave trade when Britain tried to stop it
Sudan- British returned to Sudan in 1896 & defeated Mahdists in 1898
Asante Empire- Present day Ghana
Ghost Dance- Native American rituals to try & convince the dead to come back & drive out the white settlers
Proclamation of 1763- This act reserved all land between Appalachian Mountains & MS river for Native Americans
Indian Removal Act- 1830, forced Cherokee & other Southeastern Native American tribes to relocate to present day Oklahoma
Indian National Congress- Forum for airing grievances to colonial government (British India), called for self-rule
Cherokee Nation- Assimilated to White culture- farming, weaving, building- but were still forced off their land for natural resources
Aboriginal- Oldest continuous culture on Earth
Maori- Arrived from Polynesia to New Zealand
Xhosa- Group of indigenous people from South Africa
Zulu Kingdom- Located on South African coast of India Ocean
Mahdi- “Guided one”
Pan Africanism- With education, Africans could share identity & nationalism
Sepoys- Indian Soldiers under British employment
Raj- British Indian colonial government
Key People
Tupac Amaru II- Hereditary leader in Southern Peru of Incan descent, charged colonial administration with cruelty, leading to the last Indian revolt against Spain
Benito Juarez- Overthrown by Napoleon, resumed presidency afterwards over the Zapotee in Mexico
Jose Rizal- Started a reform movement in the Philippines called Liga Filipina
Usman de Fodio- Led a group of Muslim intellectuals to start a drive to putting Islam among West African tribes (Housa region)
Muhammad Ahmad- Declared himself Mahdi, or “guided one,” to restore the glory of Islam
Yaa Asantewaa- Mighty warrior queen, led the first woman-led African rebellion against the British
Samory Toure- Led a group of warriors to establish a powerful kingdom in Guinea
Key Events
Indian Rebellion of 1857- Violent uprising of Muslims & Hindus against the British, marked the emergence of Indian nationalism
Philippine Revolution- Filipinos had nationalist ambitions and the education needed to carry them out
Spanish-American War- Americans won at the Battle of Manila Bay
Philippine-American War- Philippines expected freedom with the Spanish American War, but US took control of the Philippines; hostilities broke out
Maori Wars- Maori were alarmed by settlement patterns of the British
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement- Xhosa killed their cattle believing it would drive British settlers off the land; killed thousands of people and caused a famine, but wasn’t successful in driving out the British
Anglo-Zulu War- British defeated Zulus, British annexed the land to the colony of South Africa
Treaty of Paris- Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the US
Treaty of Waitangi- British promised to protect Maori property rights
6.4 Global Economic Development
How did environmental factors contribute to the global economy between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms
Guano- Bat & seabird poop, excellent natural fertilizer
Exported by Peru & Chile
Cotton- Britain banned Indian cotton textiles (the wool industry competitor), US colonies produced cotton & British would manufacture
Rubber- Latex sap of trees & vines
Palm Oil- Important cash crop in West Africa, European factories required palm oil to function
Ivory- Tusks of elephants, used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles & ornamental carvings
Ivory coast (Côte d’Ivoire)- French trading post for ivory & slaves
Copper- Used for telegraph cables & electrical power lines
Produced by Chile, Northern Rhodesia, & Belgian Congo
Tin- Used for canned food tins
Produced by Bolivia, Nigeria, Malay & Dutch East Indies
Gold- Australia, South Africa, Western Africa & Alaska
Diamonds- South African Diamond Rush→ De Beers Mining Co → Apartheid
De Beers Mining Co- Accounted for 90% of world diamond products
Cash Crops- Tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber & coffee, grown for commercial value rather than subsistence
Export Economies- raw material colonies → manufacturers → colonies
Monocultures- Lack of agricultural diversity
Railroads- Lowered the cost of transport of raw materials to Europe & opened up markets for manufactured goods
Steamships- Transported people, mail & goods via navigable rivers
Telegraph- News could travel instantaneously (1832)
Apartheid- South African racial segregation during the 20th century
Key People
Cecil Rhodes- Formed De Beers Mining Co, 1890 became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony- his racist policies paved the way for Apartheid
6.5 Imperialism
What economic factors contributed to the imperialism in the global economy (1750-1900)?
Key Terms
Spice Islands- Present day Indonesia (part of the Dutch East Indies)
Egypt- Embraced cotton as a cash crop before the US civil war & accounted for 93% of Egypt’s exports by 1900
Sudan- Leading cash crop was cotton. Plantation Syndicate, a group of British weaving companies, dictated land use
Uganda- Cotton was encouraged & replaced slaves & ivory as exports
Kenya- Natives were herders but forced to relocate to give the white settlers the good land- used as forced labor for white farmers
Gold Coast- Largest cocoa producer in the world in the 1880s
Argentina- 10% of British foreign investment was in Argentina, became the richest Latin American country as a result
Opium- An addictive drug that relieves pain & reduces stress
Pampas- Argentine grassy plains
EIC- Formed in 1600 to engage in spice trade
VOC- Monopoly on Dutch East Indies & spice trade
Economic Imperialism- Foreign businesses have more economic power beyond borders to take advantage of natural resources
Culture System- Forced farmers to export & grow cash crops or perform corvee labor
Corvee Labor- Unpaid compulsory work
Spheres of Influence- Other countries had influence in x region
Cash crop- grown to be sold
Banana Republics- Small central American countries under economic power of foreign based corporations
Key Events
Opium War- Chinese rejection to British illegal importation of Opium
Treaty of Nanking- Required China to open up 5 additional ports for British use, give Hong Kong to Britain, pay damages & allow free trade (British continued to import Opium)
6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
How did environmental & economic factors contribute to patterns of migration between 1750 & 1900?
Key Terms
Colonial Service- System of workers being pressured to work out of intimidation (exploitation, strong→ weak)
Taiping Rebellion (6.2)
Slavery- Americas abolished African slave trade in the early 19th century, the institution declined
Indentured Servants
Contract Laborers- Unskilled Asian laborers/porters exploited as subs for slave labor, working for subsistence wages for British
Colonization Society- Aimed to export Japan’s surplus population & commercial goods (failed agriculture colony in Mexico, contract work in Peru)
Penal colony- Britain- Australia, Georgia was lost to the US. France- Africa, New Caledonia, & French Guiana
Devil’s Island in French Guiana was known for harsh treatment & starvation of convicts
Convicts- Performed hard labor & suffered harsh treatment but were rarely imprisoned
Diaspora- Mass emigrations from a country/region over many years (African slave trade)
Emigrate- any Chinese relocated to Southeast Asia for better conditions; poverty and disorder from Taiping Rebellion
Great Famine (Ireland)- 1845-1849, destroyed potato crop for 4 years. Around 3 million people relocated to the US, England, Canada, Scotland & Australia
6.7 Effects of Migration
How & why did patterns of migration affect society (1750-1900)?
Key Terms:
Remittances- funds from migrants foreign earnings → back home
Ethnic enclaves- Clusters of neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country
Gold rush- many Chinese came to San Francisco
Mauritius- Islands off the SE coast of Africa (Indian migration)
Natal- Colony part of present day South Africa
Natal Indian Congress- Founded by Gandhi
Chinatowns- Chinese enclaves
Kangari System- Families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, & rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma & Malaya
Guyana & Trinidad and Tobago- Indians are currently the largest ethnic group & have culturally blended with Caribbean culture
Scots-Irish- Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland
Canal System- Irish men helped build canals
Pop culture- Irish immigrants became stars such as boxers, baseball players, etc
Kennedys and Fitzgerald’s
Key Policies/Acts
Chinese Exclusion Act- banned further Chinese immigration
Chinese Immigration- Limited the number of Chinese that could enter into Australia
Chinese Immigration Restriction Act- An attempt to reduce # of Chinese immigrants from entering New South Wales (Australia)
Influx of Chinese Restriction Act- Attempted to restrict Chinese immigration via an entrance tax
White Australia Policy- Policy to limit non-British immigration
Key People
Mohandas Gandhi- Worked to expose discrimination against Indians in South Africa, returned to India & became a leader of the Indian Nationalist movement against Britain
Porfirio Diaz- Mexican president, promoted Chinese immigration to Mexico as well as development near the US border