AP World Guide: Unit 6

• Key concepts: Industrialization, imperialism, and global capitalism

• Major events: The Industrial Revolution, the rise of nation-states, and the spread of revolutionary ideas

• Important regions: Europe, Asia, and Africa in the context of globalization and trade networks.

• Key themes: The impact of technological advancements on society and the environment, the emergence of social classes, and the consequences of colonialism on indigenous populations.

Overview:

• Anti colonial movements arose as a part of rising nationalist movements that opposed imperialism

• Slavery + indentured servitude played a large role in the global economy

• Increased migration changed demographics & cultures of both giving & receiving countries

• Industrial growth caused the expansion of overseas empires

Important Events:

• 1780- Tupac Amaru II leads a rebellion verses the Spanish in Peru

• 1815- Serbia achieves independence as the Ottoman empire weakens

• 1839- China & Britain begin the 1st Opium War

• 1857- People in India begin fighting against British rule

• 1865- Leopold II of Belgium begins rule of Belgium & overseas invasion of Congo

• 1883-Samory Toure begins fighting against French in Africa

• 1884- Railroad workers from India begin traveling to Kenya

• 1886- Europeans meet in Berlin to agree on how to colonize Africa

6.1 Rationales for imperialism

• What ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism between 1750 & 1900?

Key terms:

• Nationalism- Desire for economic wealth, a sense of religious duty, and a belief of biological superiority (led to the justification of expansionist policies and the subjugation of other nations.)

• Imperialism- Various motives for expanding overseas empires

• Phrenologists- People who studies skull sizes & shapes

• Social Darwinism- Survival of the fittest theory to argue the superiority of whites

• Formosa- Present day Taiwan

Key people

• Charles Darwin- Scientist who came up theories such as survival of the fittest & natural selection

• David Livingstone- Scottish missionary who worked to end illegal slave trade in Sub Saharan Africa

Key Events

• Sino-Japanese Wars- Conflict between Japan & China over Korea (Japan got control of Korea)

Need to know: Economics

• East India Company (EIC)- Had a monopoly on England’s trade with India

• Dutch East India Company (VOC)- Had a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good hope & the Straits of Magellan (Southern South America)

6.2 State Expansion

• By what processes did state power shift in various parts of the world between 1750 & 1900?

Key Terms:

• Sierra Leone- Home for freed people who had been enslaved (British empire)

• Gold Coast- Part of Ghana, became a British crown colony in 1874

• Congo Free State- Owned by King Leopold II, exploited Congolese

• Abyssinia- Present day Ethiopia

• Liberia- Country founded by formed slaves from the US

• Ceylon- Present day Sri Lanka

• Dutch East Indies- Islands producing cash crops to support the Dutch economy

• Indochina- French controlled Cambodia, Laos, & present day Vietnam

• Malaya- World’s greatest producer of natural rubber during the 19th century

• Siam- Present day Thailand

• Australia- British penal colonies were located here

• Scramble for Africa- Competing efforts of Europeans to colonize Africa (fear of war among each other)

• Monroe Doctrine- European countries should step out of Western Hemisphere (Imperial power to the US)

• Manifest Destiny- Belief in a natural & inevitable right of white people to expand to the Pacific ocean

• Roosevelt Corollary- 1904, if Latin American countries showed instability, US would intervene

• Great Game- Intense rivalry between Britain & Russia competing unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan

• Concentration Camps- Wretched conditioned settlements for refugees in Africa, segregated by race

• Penal Colonies- Colonies of convicts in Australia

• EIC- Crept into India for Britain, controlled India & Pakistan

• VOC- Took over spice trade from Portuguese, went bankrupt in 1800

• Corvee laborer- Unpaid laborers who were forced to work on the Suez Canal as a form of taxation

• Spheres of Influence- Europeans had exclusive trading rights & access to natural resources in China

• Settler Colony- Displaces a population & replaces with a new settler population

• Afrikaners- Descendants of 17th century Dutch settlers

• Maori- Indigenous people of Australia

• Colonization Society- Leaders (Japan) planned to establish colonies in Mexico & latin America

• Indian Territory- Present day Oklahoma

• Quinine- Medicine that treats malaria

• Suez Canal- Canal connecting the Red Sea to the Mediterranean sea

Key People

• King Leopold II- Ruler of Belgium (1865-1909), oversaw invasion & pacification of the Congo to convince Belgium to support colonial expansion

• Cixi- Empress dowager of China, encouraged Boxers & ordered all foreigners to be killed in 1909

Key Events

• Berlin Conference- European countries divided up Africa (1864)

• Treaty of Waitangi- Indigenous New Zealanders’ rights were guaranteed by British

• Boer Wars- Bloody & brutal conflict between British & Afrikaners over land (1880-1881, 1899-1902)

• Seven Years’ War- Global conflict between France & England, 1st global war (other countries got involved)

• Taiping Rebellion- Failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan & starving peasants, workers & miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty

• Boxer Rebellion- Anti-imperialist group known for their martial arts began attacking Chinese Christians & Western missionaries

• Spanish-American War- 1898, US bought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines under control as a result of their victory

• Trail of Tears- Forced relocation of Eastern Woodlands people (among others) to Indian Territory

6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

• How and why did internal & external factors influence state building between 1750 & 1900?

Key Terms

• Balkan Peninsula- Sought independence against Ottomans

• Vietnam- Resisted French colonization

• Philippines- Came under Spanish control in 16th century, did not receive public education until 1863

• Sokoto Caliphate- Established slave trade when Britain tried to stop it

• Sudan- British returned to Sudan in 1896 & defeated Mahdists in 1898

• Asante Empire- Present day Ghana

• Ghost Dance- Native American rituals to try & convince the dead to come back & drive out the white settlers

• Proclamation of 1763- This act reserved all land between Appalachian Mountains & MS river for Native Americans

• Indian Removal Act- 1830, forced Cherokee & other Southeastern Native American tribes to relocate to present day Oklahoma

• Indian National Congress- Forum for airing grievances to colonial government (British India), called for self-rule

• Cherokee Nation- Assimilated to White culture- farming, weaving, building- but were still forced off their land for natural resources

• Aboriginal- Oldest continuous culture on Earth

• Maori- Arrived from Polynesia to New Zealand

• Xhosa- Group of indigenous people from South Africa

• Zulu Kingdom- Located on South African coast of India Ocean

• Mahdi- “Guided one”

• Pan Africanism- With education, Africans could share identity & nationalism

• Sepoys- Indian Soldiers under British employment

• Raj- British Indian colonial government

Key People

• Tupac Amaru II- Hereditary leader in Southern Peru of Incan descent, charged colonial administration with cruelty, leading to the last Indian revolt against Spain

• Benito Juarez- Overthrown by Napoleon, resumed presidency afterwards over the Zapotee in Mexico

• Jose Rizal- Started a reform movement in the Philippines called Liga Filipina

• Usman de Fodio- Led a group of Muslim intellectuals to start a drive to putting Islam among West African tribes (Housa region)

• Muhammad Ahmad- Declared himself Mahdi, or “guided one,” to restore the glory of Islam

• Yaa Asantewaa- Mighty warrior queen, led the first woman-led African rebellion against the British

• Samory Toure- Led a group of warriors to establish a powerful kingdom in Guinea

Key Events

• Indian Rebellion of 1857- Violent uprising of Muslims & Hindus against the British, marked the emergence of Indian nationalism

• Philippine Revolution- Filipinos had nationalist ambitions and the education needed to carry them out

• Spanish-American War- Americans won at the Battle of Manila Bay

• Philippine-American War- Philippines expected freedom with the Spanish American War, but US took control of the Philippines; hostilities broke out

• Maori Wars- Maori were alarmed by settlement patterns of the British

• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement- Xhosa killed their cattle believing it would drive British settlers off the land; killed thousands of people and caused a famine, but wasn’t successful in driving out the British

• Anglo-Zulu War- British defeated Zulus, British annexed the land to the colony of South Africa

• Treaty of Paris- Transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the US

• Treaty of Waitangi- British promised to protect Maori property rights

6.4 Global Economic Development

• How did environmental factors contribute to the global economy between 1750 & 1900?

Key Terms

• Guano- Bat & seabird poop, excellent natural fertilizer

  • Exported by Peru & Chile

• Cotton- Britain banned Indian cotton textiles (the wool industry competitor), US colonies produced cotton & British would manufacture

• Rubber- Latex sap of trees & vines

• Palm Oil- Important cash crop in West Africa, European factories required palm oil to function

• Ivory- Tusks of elephants, used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles & ornamental carvings

  • Ivory coast (Côte d’Ivoire)- French trading post for ivory & slaves

• Copper- Used for telegraph cables & electrical power lines

  • Produced by Chile, Northern Rhodesia, & Belgian Congo

• Tin- Used for canned food tins

  • Produced by Bolivia, Nigeria, Malay & Dutch East Indies

• Gold- Australia, South Africa, Western Africa & Alaska

• Diamonds- South African Diamond Rush→ De Beers Mining Co → Apartheid

• De Beers Mining Co- Accounted for 90% of world diamond products

• Cash Crops- Tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber & coffee, grown for commercial value rather than subsistence

• Export Economies- raw material colonies → manufacturers → colonies

• Monocultures- Lack of agricultural diversity

• Railroads- Lowered the cost of transport of raw materials to Europe & opened up markets for manufactured goods

• Steamships- Transported people, mail & goods via navigable rivers

• Telegraph- News could travel instantaneously (1832)

• Apartheid- South African racial segregation during the 20th century

Key People

• Cecil Rhodes- Formed De Beers Mining Co, 1890 became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony- his racist policies paved the way for Apartheid

6.5 Imperialism

• What economic factors contributed to the imperialism in the global economy (1750-1900)?

Key Terms

• Spice Islands- Present day Indonesia (part of the Dutch East Indies)

• Egypt- Embraced cotton as a cash crop before the US civil war & accounted for 93% of Egypt’s exports by 1900

• Sudan- Leading cash crop was cotton. Plantation Syndicate, a group of British weaving companies, dictated land use

• Uganda- Cotton was encouraged & replaced slaves & ivory as exports

• Kenya- Natives were herders but forced to relocate to give the white settlers the good land- used as forced labor for white farmers

• Gold Coast- Largest cocoa producer in the world in the 1880s

• Argentina- 10% of British foreign investment was in Argentina, became the richest Latin American country as a result

• Opium- An addictive drug that relieves pain & reduces stress

• Pampas- Argentine grassy plains

• EIC- Formed in 1600 to engage in spice trade

• VOC- Monopoly on Dutch East Indies & spice trade

• Economic Imperialism- Foreign businesses have more economic power beyond borders to take advantage of natural resources

• Culture System- Forced farmers to export & grow cash crops or perform corvee labor

• Corvee Labor- Unpaid compulsory work

• Spheres of Influence- Other countries had influence in x region

• Cash crop- grown to be sold

• Banana Republics- Small central American countries under economic power of foreign based corporations

Key Events

• Opium War- Chinese rejection to British illegal importation of Opium

• Treaty of Nanking- Required China to open up 5 additional ports for British use, give Hong Kong to Britain, pay damages & allow free trade (British continued to import Opium)

6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World

• How did environmental & economic factors contribute to patterns of migration between 1750 & 1900?

Key Terms

• Colonial Service- System of workers being pressured to work out of intimidation (exploitation, strong→ weak)

• Taiping Rebellion (6.2)

• Slavery- Americas abolished African slave trade in the early 19th century, the institution declined

• Indentured Servants

• Contract Laborers- Unskilled Asian laborers/porters exploited as subs for slave labor, working for subsistence wages for British

• Colonization Society- Aimed to export Japan’s surplus population & commercial goods (failed agriculture colony in Mexico, contract work in Peru)

• Penal colony- Britain- Australia, Georgia was lost to the US. France- Africa, New Caledonia, & French Guiana

  • Devil’s Island in French Guiana was known for harsh treatment & starvation of convicts

• Convicts- Performed hard labor & suffered harsh treatment but were rarely imprisoned

• Diaspora- Mass emigrations from a country/region over many years (African slave trade)

• Emigrate- any Chinese relocated to Southeast Asia for better conditions; poverty and disorder from Taiping Rebellion

• Great Famine (Ireland)- 1845-1849, destroyed potato crop for 4 years. Around 3 million people relocated to the US, England, Canada, Scotland & Australia

6.7 Effects of Migration

• How & why did patterns of migration affect society (1750-1900)?

Key Terms:

• Remittances- funds from migrants foreign earnings → back home

• Ethnic enclaves- Clusters of neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country

• Gold rush- many Chinese came to San Francisco

• Mauritius- Islands off the SE coast of Africa (Indian migration)

• Natal- Colony part of present day South Africa

• Natal Indian Congress- Founded by Gandhi

• Chinatowns- Chinese enclaves

• Kangari System- Families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, & rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma & Malaya

• Guyana & Trinidad and Tobago- Indians are currently the largest ethnic group & have culturally blended with Caribbean culture

• Scots-Irish- Scots who had previously migrated to Ireland

• Canal System- Irish men helped build canals

• Pop culture- Irish immigrants became stars such as boxers, baseball players, etc

  • Kennedys and Fitzgerald’s

Key Policies/Acts

• Chinese Exclusion Act- banned further Chinese immigration

• Chinese Immigration- Limited the number of Chinese that could enter into Australia

• Chinese Immigration Restriction Act- An attempt to reduce # of Chinese immigrants from entering New South Wales (Australia)

• Influx of Chinese Restriction Act- Attempted to restrict Chinese immigration via an entrance tax

• White Australia Policy- Policy to limit non-British immigration

Key People

• Mohandas Gandhi- Worked to expose discrimination against Indians in South Africa, returned to India & became a leader of the Indian Nationalist movement against Britain

• Porfirio Diaz- Mexican president, promoted Chinese immigration to Mexico as well as development near the US border

6.8 Causation of the Imperial Age

• What was the relative significance of the effects of imperialism (1750-1900)?

Imperialism Overview:

• As the manufacturing capacity in industrialized nations grew, availability, affordability, and variety of financial assets and consumer goods increased. However, this increased the demand for natural resources which led to the “conquest of the Earth” to use in manufacturing goods. Significant effects of imperialism are increased migration, the rise of independence movements within colonies, & increased political & economic competition between western European nations.