worlds - age of absolutism vocab

democracy

leaders get their power from the people, they vote on laws, they serve the people that elected them, and the people have to be educated, vote, get a job, pay taxes, and follow laws

absolutism

the monarch or king makes all of the decisions and has all of the power, and the people have to obey the king and pay taxes

divine right

kings that believe that they go their authority to rule from God

Hapsburgs

the family that governed Austria for over 600 years and headed the Holy Roman Empire until 1806

Austria

was ruled by Charles VI and later Maria Theresa, had an iron-rich region, and fought alongside France and Russia in the 7 Years War

Maria Theresa

inherited the Austrian throne after Charles VI with the Pragmatic Sanction, made the capital Vienna, and declared war on Prussia after they invaded Silesia

Pragmatic Sanction

a document that requested all European monarchs to respect Charles VI daughter’s right to rule Austria upon his death, and all monarchs signed except for Fredrick the Great (II) of Prussia

War of Austrian Succession

Maria Theresa declares war on Prussia for invading Silesia, which later turns into the 7 Years War

7 Years War

fought in Europe, Asia, and North America, and was Austria, France, and Russia v.s. Prussia and England. ENGLAND WINS

Frederick the Great

the ruler of Prussia, was Hohenzollern, and absolute rule by divine right

Hohenzollerns

ruling family of Prussia

Prussia

led by Frederick the Great and sided with England in the 7 Years War

Czar

title given to a ruler of Russia

Boyars

wealthy land-owning Nobles of Russia that had to cut off their beards, and were killed by Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible (IV)

took the Russian throne as the first leader and ordered the executions of thousands of Boyars because he blamed them for his wife’s death

junkers

this class built Europe’s strongest military state

Michael Romanov

was chosen to lead Russia by an assembly of nobles after Ivan’s death and the “time of troubles”

Peter the Great

changes Russia through westernization (8 things)

westernization

the process of modernizing Russia and bringing it up to the same standards as the rest of Europe

Catherine the Great

the wife of Peter III (NOT PETER THE GREAT), came to power under the name Czarina after Peter III died, tried to end cruel forms of torture, and secured Russia’s first real warm water port

warm water port

secured by Catherine the Great on the Black Sea after defeating the Ottoman Turks for the territory. she called it “a window on the West”

The Huguenots

another name for the Protestants in France

The Bourbons

the French family; Henry IV is their first monarch

Edict of Nantes

a declaration of religious toleration, mainly aimed at making the Huguenots’ lives easier; later canceled by Louis XIV, which makes Huguenots flee from France

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis XIII’s helper who increases the power of the Bourbons and weakens the power of nobility

Cardinal Mazarin

takes the lead of the government alongside Louis XIV’s mother until Louis XIV is 25

Louis XIV / Sun King

the most powerful (absolute) French ruler who cancels the Edict of Nantes and builds the Palace of Versailles. his rule makes France a major military and cultural power in Europe, and leaves France with heavy debts from wars and his palace

intendants

government officials that collect taxes for Louis XIV

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV’s finance minister

League of Augsburg

countries that united against Louis XIV

War of Spanish Succession

Louis XIV’s attempt to unite France with Spain; both sides lose the war and territory

Palace of Versailles

built by Louis XIV and became the center of the arts

Marie Antionette

one of Maria Theresa’s children who one day rules France

Hall of Mirrors

the most beautiful room in the Palace of Versailles

Parliament

the law-making body of England

House of Commons

the lower house in England where members were elected, most were wealthy, and terms are limited

House of Lords

the upper house in England where membership is inherited, most were nobles and wealthy, and terms are for life

Elizabeth I

daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, who grants freedom of worship, makes England be in its Golden Age, many arts, and defeats the Spanish Armada

The Stuarts

replace the Tudors (first is James VI), and this role came with many unjust policies

James I

remembered for his English translation of the Bible, and when he dies, the throne gets passed to his oldest son Charles I

Charles I

continues the same policies as his father, James I, and ignores the Petition of Right

Petition of Right

a document created by Parliament and signed by Charles I that placed limits on the King’s power

Cavaliers

Charles I’s side of the English Civil War (they lose)

Roundheads

Parliaments side of the English Civil War (they win mostly because of Oliver Cromwell)

Oliver Cromwell

the leader of the Roundheads in the English Civil War, who was later chosen to lead England as “Lord Protector”, and placed very strict rules (no one liked him)

Charles II

took over the English throne after Cromwell died and signed the Writ of Habeas Corpus

James II

takes over the English throne after Charles II dies, converts from Protestant to Catholic, and flees when Parliament freaks out over his Catholic son

Constitutional Monarchy

England transformed to this power-limiting English law monarchy when England went through many changes

Glorious Revolution

the peaceful (bloodless) transition of power from James II to William and Mary

William and Mary

they take over the English throne after James II flees the country, and sign the Toleration Act and The Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights

placed limits on the King’s power and guaranteed certain rights to all English citizens