Vision

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Cornea

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28 Terms

1

Cornea

Outer cover where light first passes through

  • helps focus light rays

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2

Pupil

Small adjustable opening in the iris

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3

Iris

muscles that dilate/restrict pupil

  • responds to light intensity or emotions

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4

Lens

focuses light into an image projected onto retina

  • image is reversed (but is later unreversed in the brain)

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5

Retina

  • the light-sensitive inner surface of eye

  • 3 layers of nerve cells (photoreceptors, interneurons, afferent cells)

  • transduces light into neural signals

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6

Fovea

Tiny pit filled with cones

  • responsible for sharp vision

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7

Optic Nerve

thick rope of intertwined ganglion axons

  • carries messages to brain

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8

Blind Spot

area without visual receptors because it's where blood vessels and nerves connect to eyeball

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9
  1. Photoreceptor Cells

  • First layer of retina

  • rods and cones

  • transduces light (distal stimulus) into neural signal (proximal stimulus)

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10

Rods

  • a type of photoreceptor cell

  • detect black and white

  • peripheral vision

  • dim light (nighttime)

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11

Rods

What kind of photoreceptor cell works best at night?

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12

Rods

what kind of photoreceptor cell is responsible for peripheral vision?

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13

Cones

  • a type of photoreceptor cell

  • sensitive to red, green, or blue

  • works best in daytime

  • detailed vision

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14

Cones

What kind of photoreceptor cells work best at daytime/in bright light?

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15

Cones

What kind of photoreceptor cells are responsible for detailed vision?

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16
  1. Bipolar Cells

  • Second layer of retina

  • specialized interneurons

  • connect photorecptors to ganglion cells

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17
  1. Ganglion Cells

  • third layer of retina

  • specialized afferent neurons

  • have long axons that intertwine

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18

Visual Cortex in Occipital Lobe

Final Destination of visual neural message?

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19

Trichromatic Theory

“there are only 3 types of photoreceptors, so we can only see red, green, and blue”

BUT

“when combined, these photoreceptors allow us to see ALL colors of light”

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20

Opponent-Process Theory

“2 sets of firing neurons that work in opposite ways”

ex. see blue → blue cones fire → neurons connected to those blue cones fire (excitatory messages) while orange gets suppressed (inhibitory messages)

evidence: afterimage (seeing opposite colors after staring at a color for awhile)

when excitatory signal disappears, the inhibitory briefly overshoots (out of balance)

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21

Light Adaptation

adjusting to brighter light

  • squinting and our pupils constricting

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22

Dark Adaptation

adjusting to dimmer light

  • pupils dilate quickly

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23

Near-sightedness

people can only see what’s near their eyes

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24

Far-sightedness

distant objects are clearer and near objects are blurry

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25

Cataracts

cloudy lenses

  • easily removed with surgery

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26

Glaucoma

excess fluid in eye presses on optical nerve so it can’t fire

  • pressure

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27

Color blindness

  • usually in males

  • red-green

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28

blindness

can be result of damage to eye, neurons, or visual cortex

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