Vision

Cornea

Outer cover where light first passes through
- helps focus light rays

Pupil

Small adjustable opening in the iris

Iris

muscles that dilate/restrict pupil
- responds to light intensity or emotions

Lens

focuses light into an image projected onto retina
- image is reversed (but is later unreversed in the brain)

Retina

- the light-sensitive inner surface of eye
- 3 layers of nerve cells (photoreceptors, interneurons, afferent cells)
- transduces light into neural signals

Fovea

Tiny pit filled with cones
- responsible for sharp vision

Optic Nerve

thick rope of intertwined ganglion axons
- carries messages to brain

Blind Spot

area without visual receptors because it's where blood vessels and nerves connect to eyeball

1) Photoreceptor Cells

- First layer of retina
- rods and cones
- transduces light (distal stimulus) into neural signal (proximal stimulus)

Rods

- a type of photoreceptor cell
- detect black and white
- peripheral vision
- dim light (nighttime)

Rods

What kind of photoreceptor cell works best at night?

Rods

what kind of photoreceptor cell is responsible for peripheral vision?

Cones

- a type of photoreceptor cell
- sensitive to red, green, or blue
- works best in daytime
- detailed vision

Cones

What kind of photoreceptor cells work best at daytime/in bright light?

Cones

What kind of photoreceptor cells are responsible for detailed vision?

2) Bipolar Cells

- Second layer of retina
- specialized interneurons
- connect photorecptors to ganglion cells

3) Ganglion Cells

- third layer of retina
- specialized afferent neurons
- have long axons that intertwine

Visual Cortex in Occipital Lobe

Final Destination of visual neural message?

Trichromatic Theory

“there are only 3 types of photoreceptors, so we can only see red, green, and blue”

BUT

“when combined, these photoreceptors allow us to see ALL colors of light”

Opponent-Process Theory

“2 sets of firing neurons that work in opposite ways”

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ex. see blue → blue cones fire → neurons connected to those blue cones fire (excitatory messages) while orange gets suppressed (inhibitory messages)

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evidence: afterimage (seeing opposite colors after staring at a color for awhile)

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when excitatory signal disappears, the inhibitory briefly overshoots (out of balance)

Light Adaptation

adjusting to brighter light

* squinting and our pupils constricting

Dark Adaptation

adjusting to dimmer light

* pupils dilate quickly

Near-sightedness

people can only see what’s near their eyes

Far-sightedness

distant objects are clearer and near objects are blurry

Cataracts

cloudy lenses

* easily removed with surgery

Glaucoma

excess fluid in eye presses on optical nerve so it can’t fire

* pressure

Color blindness

* usually in males
* red-green

blindness

can be result of damage to eye, neurons, or visual cortex