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Ogliosaccharide chain
a chemical compound that is formed by a small number of simple carbohydrate molecules
transferase
class of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another
glycosyltransferase
enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of glycosyl groups in biochemical reactions
immunodominant sugar
sugar molecule that is responsible for specificity
ABO Genes do not code for
ABO antigens
ABO genes code for
production of glycosyltransferases
what do glycosyltransferases do
catalyzes the glycosidic bonds between ABO precursor substances by adding sugars to form the full antigen
what does the bilipid bilayer on a rbc do
protects integrity, plays a role in flexibility
Where are ABO antigens found
on the surface of rbc between the bilipid layers
how do ABO antigens bind to the surface of the rbc
via ceramide molecules
what is the first precursor of ABO antigens
glucose
Where is FUT1 located
chromosome 19
what does FUT1 code for
alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase 1
what does FUT1 do
catalyzes the addition of an L-fucose sugar to the precursor substances
what are the precursor substances on an antigen
Glucose > Galactase > N-acetylglucosamine > galactose
what percentage of the population has the H gene
99.9%
what is meant by Bombay
person is unable to make A or B antigens on the surface of their red cells
ABOs are defined by:
their immunodominant sugar
Blood group A has ___________ bound to the terminal galactose of their H antigen
N-acetylglactosamine sugar
Blood group B has ___________ bound to the terminal galactose of their H antigen
an additional galactose
what is special about blood group O and H antigens
is amorph, meaning it does not produce an a functional glycosyltransferase
Blood group AB has ___________ bound to the terminal galactose of their H antigen
both N-acetylgalactosamine sugar and an additonal galactose
FUT1 games controls for H substance, meaning that…
an additional L-fucose sugar is added to type 2 precursor substances
where are type 2 precursor substances found
bound to the membrane of the red cell
where is FUT2 found
chromosome 19
what does FUT2 code for
alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase 2
what does FUT2 do
codes for the secretor gene (Se)
what does the secretor gene do
catalyzes type 1 precursor and creates H antigens
where is H antigen found
in secretions
H antigen is…
unbound and soluble
Secretors are found
on at least 1 of 2 alleles
what percent of the population has the secretor gene
80%
secretor gene is dominant/recessive?
dominant
the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 precursor substances is
chain linkage
Group A1 makes up what percent of the population
80%
Group A2 makes up what percent of the population
20%
what is the difference between A1 and A2
A2 transferase is less effective than A1. A2 transferase can only convert Type 1 and Type 2 H substance into A antigens, where A1 transferase can convert all types of H substance into A antigens.
a small percent of A2 patients produce…
IgM Anti-A1
A2 persons can donate to
A1
A1 persons can donate to A2 UNLESS…
they have an A antibody.
what happens if someone with an A antibody donates to an A2 person
intravascular IgM destruction
what blood group has the most H substance
O
what group has the least amount of H substance
A1B
why does A1B have the least amount of H substance
The A and B antigens compete for the available H sites, leaving little H substance left over
When are no ABO antibodies present
at birth
when do you only have the forward group (antigens) but not the reverse group (antibodies)
<4 months
When does ABO antibody production begin
3-6 months
when does ABO antibody production peak
5-10 years
what is bandeiraea simplifica
antisera that agglutinates B cells
what is Ulex europeaus
screens for Bombay but detecting the H antigen
who developed the ABO system
Karl Landsteiner
what blood group(s) are dominant
A and B
what blood groups are recessive
O
what is the law of independent segregation
genes are passed off to offspring
what is the law of independent assortment
genes are inherited differently than one another
what does it mean when DNA replication is ‘semi conservative’
during replication, an old strand joins with a newly created strand
the location of a gene is called the
locus
what is cis gene expression
2 different genes are represented on the same chromosome
what is trans gene expression
different genes are on opposing chromosomes
what is autosomal inheritance
traits are not carried on sex chromosomes
what is sex linked inheritance
traits are carried on X or Y chromosome
what is an amorph gene
a silent gene that does not produce detectable traits
Note 
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