Unit 1: Renaissance

What was the Renaissance?

“Rebirth” , there was a newfound interest in the ancient greek and roman literature texts

What were the driving forces behind the Renaissance?

Individualism and Humanism

What is Individualism?

be the best you can be

What is humanism?

Philosophy that focuses on unlimited human potential

Who were some people who advocated and manifested Humanism and Individualism?

The medici banking family, Michelangelo, Petrarch and Machiavelli

Who were the Medici’s?

They were a family who were the international center for trade and produced the currency called the Gold Florin

What was the social intellectual change of the Renaissance?

Scholasticism to Humanism

How did the southern and the northern italian renaissance differ?

The northern Renaissance was focused more on Christian Humanistic values as well as their art was based on Naturalism and ordinary people rather than the southern italian renaissance, more towards secularism and humanism

What did Machiavelli establish?

Wrote the book ‘the prince’: argued the goal of rulers should be to stabilize their states power at all costs

What was civic humanism?

Individual has an important role in maintaining the stability of the state and contributing to the society as a whole

What did Leonardo Bruni do?

Emphasized the importance of Republicanism which would helped to increase an importance of ones role in society

Why did the medici’s patronize artists?

To make Florence the center of artistic accomplishment and they did this by encouraging artists to come to florence

What was Raphael’s School of Athens?

Education on greek intellectuals, greek literature/architecture

How did Brunelleschi’s reflect Individualistic values?

His accomplishment of developing a use of one point of view in art showed him living to his full potential

Who was Leonardo Da Vinci?

Renaissance figure who exelled in arts, maths, sciences and philosophy

What did the northern renaissance focus on?

Classical Antiquity as well as christian piety

What were the main differences between the northern renaissance art vs southern?

South: focused more on religion due to the catholic churches power

North: Focused more on everyday ordinary life

Who was Desiderius Erasmus?

Wrote ‘In praise of folly’; was a Christian humanist and his goal was to defeat the corruption of the catholic church and encourage societal reform

How did the printing press/movable type print change europe intellectually?

Increased access to books, which increased literacy rates

How did the printing press/movable type print change europe religiously?

The publication of the Gutenburg Bible and the Bible in Vernacular Literature decreased the power of the catholic church

How did Henry the 8th increase his power?

he denounced Martin Luther’s protestant ideas as ridicule and called himself “Defender of the Faith” as well as made himself the head of the catholic church after marrying Anne Boylen

How did monarchies increase their power?

Elizabeth 1, King Henry 8, Ferdinand and Isabella (catholicism) united their countries under one religion

How did the development of international trade from the Medici Family and Fuggers advancements to Europe’s economy?

An increase in international trade led to two international economic centers to be developed

What are the 3 G’s of Europeans wanting to explore the world?

Gold, God, Glory

What G is related to the political reason as to why Europe wanted to search the rest of the world?

Glory: Wanted to increase their power in international communities

What G is related to the economic reason as to why Europe wanted to search the rest of the world?

Gold: Colonies overseas were seen as places with natural resources/ gold and silver

What G is related to the religious reason as to why Europe wanted to search the rest of the world?

God: Europeans wanted to spread catholicism around the world especially during the protestant reformation: jesuits are an example of a catholic missionary group

What was the first long lasting consequence the age of exploration had on both American and European societies?

the destruction of native populations (the aztecs)

What was the second long lasting consequence the age of exploration had on both American and European societies?

Establishment of colonies that would provide raw materials that would fuel the Industrial Revolution - the encomienda system in Latin America as well as the plantations in North America.

What was the third long lasting consequence the age of exploration had on both American and European societies?

Treaty of Tordesillas - split the world in half, lasting result can be seen in the language and culture of Latin America - Brazil is the only Latin American country to speak Portuguese, the rest which fell on the other side the Line of Demarcation speak Spanish.

What is one positive impact that the Columbian Exchange had on the Americas and Europe?

Europe - Antwerp and the economic rise of the Netherlands. •

Europe - New crops from the Americas - potatoes, tomatoes, corn and chocolate. •

Americas - The introduction of new livestock - horses, chickens, pigs and cows, and new crops from Africa and Europe, most importantly the grains.

What were negative impacts that the Columbian Exchange had on the Americas?

the Slave Trade which provided labor, but also enslaved people, forced migrations, divided families, and destroyed lives, as well as promoted a feeling of racial superiority that would contribute to racial unrest.

the introduction of new diseases, such as Smallpox that killed off a large portion of the Native population.

Explain how the Slave Trade was a reflection of the theories of Machiavelli?

Machiavelli’s famous quote “the end justifies the means” which was means of justifying immoral acts in the name of something greater. This was used to justify the horrendous actions surrounding Slave Trade in order to increase the power of the European Countries - this also shows how a country or a leader should do whatever it takes to increase and maintain their power.

How did the Age of Exploration lead directly to the Commercial Revolution?

development of colonies, cash crop plantations, and joint-stock companies increased in international trade that would fuel the Commercial Revolution. influx of gold and silver from the Americas, especially into Spain, which led to the Price Revolution and the commercialization of agriculture.

Explain how the Agricultural Revolution was paving the way towards the Industrial Revolution.

the move away from subsistence farming in Europe and move towards industrial farming - Enclosure policies made farming out of reach for the poor farmers and forced them off their land - the moved to the cities (urbanization) in the search of work, becoming the labor source necessary for the Industrial Revolution