ANDREW GASSLER: Modern World History Midterm

Al-Andalus

Muslim-ruled states in Iberian Peninsula (today’s Spain and Portugal) between 711 and 1492

Was there a World in the Year 1000 C.E.?

• _____ world

• Lack of _____ awareness

  • Incomplete ___ knowlege

  • ____ between the Americas, the “Old World” and Oceania

• Some _____ trade within regions

  • ___ South America

  • ____: connecting Gulf of Mexico to Pacific, Central America to North Texas, and Mexico to Illinois

Polycentric

global

regional

Division

long-distance

Andean

Mesoamerica

The World around 1000 C.E in numbers

• ___million total in the world

  • ___million in Americas

  • ____ (Mexico City): 250,000

  • ___% of worlds population resides in ___

• __% in Europe

• __% in India

300

60

Tenochtitlan

25 & China

25

20

The World around 1000 C.E in numbers

• ___million square miles of Earth

  • Most people lived on just ___sq miles (&% of world’s total)

  • ___% of world today lives on that same land

60

4.25

70

The World around 1000 C.E in numbers

• __of the world’s largest cities in China

  • Largest cty: ____

  • 2nd largest: ____ (South India)

  • 3rd largest: ___(Egypt)

  • Paris: ____

9

Kaifeng

Vijayanagara

Cairo

3,000

The World around 1000 C.E in numbers

• __% of Eurasia’s economic output in China and India

  • Europe has ___% of the world’s population, but less than _% of Eurasia’s economic output

80

25

20

True of False":

Europe not particularly urbanized with farmers using little in the way of technology to assist them

True

Muslim accounts of the Crusades portray Europeans (“Franks”) as having _______ and ______.

a) good hygiene and sophisticated medicine

b) poor hygiene and barbaric medicine

b) poor hygiene and barbaric medicine

Middle Eastern doctors were horrified that European doctors were quick to amputate and cut open skulls to treat _____

a) cancer

b) shingles

c) tuberculosis

d) measles

c) tuberculosis

What was the important grain in Asia?

Rice

Why was rice so beneficial to Asia?

It had nutritional value and was used by poor people

What did Champa rice do?

• Double cropping (can grow twice in the same season)

• Double the food!

Stronger iron melting technology in Asia

• Song Chinese iron production in the 11th century was equal to European iron production in the ___century

• Better plows mean ___labor needed for rice

18th

less

More rice= more _____& _______

artisans and scholars

Song Dynasty China (960-1279)

• ____, well-fed, and ____ population

• Capital the “best city in the world (at the time)

• Restaurants, bath houses, ___ system, paved streets, many marketplaces, clubs

Large

clean

sewage

To what extent is there a connected Eurasia

The Silk Road

Was there cultural and material exchange in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 C.E)?

Yes

What is Buddhism?

A philosophy/religion

• No gods, but the worship of saints (bodhisattva) is common in many traditions

In Buddhism, all existence is _____

suffering

In Buddhism, continual reincarnation is based on your ____ until enlightenment is achieved

karma

(Some believe only monks can achieve enlightenment (Theravada)

What is Nirvana?

Freedom from suffering

Why Buddhism?

• Missionary monks worked to ___/”save” as many people as they can

• Becoming Buddhist makes you a part of a global _____

• ______Buddhism says anyone can achieve enlightenment or improve their position in the next life

  • Women and disadvantaged members of society attracted to it

  • ____ life allows escape from exisiting social/cultural norms

convert

worldview

Mahayana

Monastic

Entrepots (ahn-truh-pos)

• ____ cities

  • Cairo/Alexandria (Egypt), Quilon (India). Malaka (Malaysia), and Quanzhou (China)

• _______

  • Globally connected

  • Diversity of cultures/peoples

• Centers of ____

  • Restocking ships

Coastal

Cosmopolitan

trade

Why Sea Travel?

• More accurate ____ (thanks, China!)

• Can carry larger supplies ___

• ___ of print travel guides

  • Thanks, Muslims

• __ likely to be interrupted

compass

faster

Rise

Less

What is Islam?

Monotheistic and universalist or polytheistic and universalist?

An Abrahamic faith

Monotheistic and universalist

Qur’an =

word of Allah/God as revealed by the Prophet Muhammed

Name the five pillars

1. Faith

2. Prayer

3. Charity

4. Pilgrimage

5. Fasting

The Islamization of the Indian Ocean World

• Powerful ___ Empires

• Muslim ___ codes

  • Codification for rates of ____

• Shared ____

  • Scholarly traditions (guidebooks, works of science, universities)

• Shared ____

• Shared ____

  • Dress

  • Greetings

  • Values

• ____

Muslim

legal & exchange

language

stories

customs

Sufism

What has the world’s largest Muslim population?

Indonesia (87.1% Muslim)

Religion, Pilgrimage and Trade

• Religious missionaries and pilgrims some of the first to create global ____ pathways

  ^made it easier for pilgrims to travel

• ____, Islam and Buddhism all foster international ____ culture

trading

Christianity & pilgrimage

Perils of Long-Distance Travel/Trade

Land

• Construction

• ________

• Travel through territory occupied by mobile-pastoral ____

• _______ locals

• Changing rules/regulations

safety

raiders

Xenophobic

Perils of Long-Distance Travel/Trade

Sea

• ____

• Trapped with people you may or may not ___

• Easy to get ____

• What if you run out of food?

Storms

trust

lost

Empire

• A large, single, sovereign government that controls a multiplicity of nations, states, or types of people. Within this domain, there is acknowledged ____ amongst its people.

• ______Empire: residents of England have more rights than those outside of England

  • American Independence movement rejected this inequality

inequality

British

What is Legitimacy?

the ability of a government to get acceptance from populations in its domain to rule

What are 3 Post Mongol Muslim Empires?

The Ottoman Empire, The Safavid Empire and The Mughal Empire

The Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)

• The Sultan fostered air of majesty through ___ and ___

• Communicated with the _____ world via sign language taught to him by dead servants; pages or bureaucrats interpreted his messages to the ____ world

ritual & silence

outside & outside

Ottoman Rule

• Local autonomy managed by central ____

• Flexibility of ______ - state actively supported the maintenance of Christian and Jewish legal/religious structures

bureaucracy

governance

Mimar Sinan: Master of Geometry

• Janissary, stonemason and _____

• Inspired by ____ throughout the Empire

• 360+ structures, including mosques, schools, seminaries, aqueducts, bridges, public baths, palaces, and more

architect

travel

True or False:

A Selimiye Mosque included soup kitchen, free schools, and hospital for the poor, library, hospice, public baths

True

What is inside the Selimiye Mosque

Hagia Sophia

Female Patronage of Ottoman Charitable Institution included Hatice Turhan Sultan & _____

Hurrem Sultan

Medicine in the Ottoman Empire

• ____ vaccination

• Hospitals

• Male and female surgeons

Smallpox

Ottoman Coffee Hours

• Seen as ___(permitted) option for bars and alcohol consumption

• Sometimes banned by the state due to concerns that coffee houses promoted _______

• Physicians and religious leaders concerned that coffee led to _____

• Ottomans exposed European visitors to coffee as a _____

halal

rebellion

addiction

commodity

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

• Rise of _______

• Strong focus on “____” cultural identity

• __ = dominant ethnicity

• ____ in large state projects (infrastructure and vanity)

traditionalism

han

Han

Rise

Confucianism:

• Political and moral _____

• ________

• Centered on the ______

• Self-_____

• Benevolence

• Good ______

philosophy

Hierarchical

family

cultivation

rulership

Chinese Government Structure

• Justified by Confucian philosophy

• Centralized _________

  • Emperor considers to be “______,” head of both the state and the justice system

  • Villages mostly left to choose their own ____

  • State supported agriculture through _____ management

  • “________” Civil Service Examination

• Emperor not publicly visible except to ______

bureaucracy

Son of Heaven

path

hydraulic

Meritocratic

bureaucracy

Ming Society

Economic ____ and stability

• Growing print and _____ culture

  • Exam prep guides

  • Literature

  • Erotica

• Religious ____ (provided you followed a major religion)

Daoism

Buddhism

Islam

growth

material

freedom

Re-Constructing the Great Wall

• Constructed through corvee labor

  • ___ miles long

Didn’t work:

• Mongols kidnap the Emperor in ___

• Manchus conquer _____ by going around the wall

5,499

1449

Beijing

Women

• Restricted to interior of ____

• _________

• Major contributors to household _____ through handicrafts

• Not allowed to remarry after husband’s _____

home

Footbinding

income

death

Fall of the Mongol Empire resulted in the ____ of several large empires that continued to foster economic and cultural growth through the construction of large infrastructure projects

rise

The ideologies of the ruling elite were traditional and patriarchal, though they allowed some upward mobility through the _______

bureacracy

Ottomans and Ming combined flexibility with _______ and were religiously tolerant

centralization

Ottomans successfully ruled _____ population, while the Ming _____ meant it struggled to maintain harmony with competing groups

multiethnic

ethnocentrism

How can the Mongol Empire be modern? Aren’t we living in the modern world?!

• In English, “modern” has colloquially been used since the Middle Ages to describe the time we are living in

• Latin _____

• Academics describe our ____ era as “postmodern,” or the “contemporary period.”

• ______ ended somewhere between 1950 and 1970

• Modernity began … with the Song Dynasty? With the Mongol Empire? With the European Enlightenment?

modernus

present

Modernity

What is Modernity?

Economic/Societal

• Sophisticated, _____ economy

  • _________

  • Technological innovation

• Urbanization

• “_________”

  • Exchange of ____

  • Prevalence of long-distance _____

capitalist

Monetization

Globalization

ideas

trade

What is Modernity?

Cultural

• Originates in Western European ______

• Progress through ______

• “Cult of the new”

• Democracy

• _______

Enlightenment

science

Nationalism

What is a Khan?

• Inner ____ style of rule

• Charisma

• ______

• Military ______

• Multi_____

Asian

Flexible

expansion

ethnic

Life in the Pax Mongolica

• Cultural ______

• Freedom of _____

• Road ______

• Local customs honored

• Cultivation of the arts

• Movement of peoples, goods, and technologies

  • Gunpowder, mechanical printing, blast furnaces to the West

  • Astronomy, mathematics, and medicine from Middle East to East Asia

exchange

religion

networks

Consequences of Pax Mongolica: The Black Death

• Caused by increasing global _____ brought about by Pax Mongolica

• Originated in Inner ____, but spread from China to Western Europe

  • i.e. affected areas outside of ____ rule

• Spread intensified due to “Little Ice Age” (i.e. global cooling)

  • Reduced global food ____, making populations more vulnerable to _____

• Between 25 – 60% of populations succumbed

  • 35% of _____ population

  • 50+% of ____ population

  • 50% of ____

connectivity

Asia

Mongol

supply

disease

China’s

Europe’s

Egypt

Reading The Decameron

• Author literate and well-educated, attempts to create a _____, analytical tone

• Belief in the connection between the plague and astrology and/or God’s wrath, despite the plague’s origins in “____”

• Humans attempted to stop it, but could not through either preventative measures or prayer

  • Reinforces idea that most people believed this was __________

• _______ transmitted by conversing with the sick, living with the sick, or touching their clothes

• A variety of reactions to the uncertainty of the plague

  • Loss of ____ in human/divine laws

  • Extreme _____ (living modestly and moderately)

  • Attempts to ______

  • Relationships ____ apart through fear and abandonment

  • Frequent _____ in the street

  • Numbness to death

neutral

the East

God’s wrath

Plague

faith

temperance

escape

broken

deaths

Why Sub-Saharan Africa? Long-Distance Trade and its Consequences

• Increased commercial _____ influenced the religious and political dimensions of sub-Saharan Africa at this time

contacts

Facts About Slavery

How did one become enslaved?

• Conquest

• Criminal ______

What made slavery unique in the Indian Ocean world?

• ________ encouraged

• Slaves could perform a variety of ____ from soldiers to seamen to domestic workers

  • Plantation slavery rare

punishment

Manumission

jobs

Enslaved Africans in Japan

• 11 million Africans sold in _______ World by the 20th century

• Portuguese missionaries slave owners in ______

Indian Ocean

Japan

Yasuke: African Samurai

• Purchased in ____ (1577)

• Arrives in ____ (1579)

• Meets most powerful military leader (1581)

• Crowds gather to see him, trampling people to ___

• Declared a ______ (1581)

India

Japan

death

samurai

Yasuke’s Fall from Grace

• Leader _______ one year after he became a samurai

• Returned to the ______ Mission

assassinated

Portuguese

Mansa Musa (r. 1312 – 1337)

• ____ Empire

• Strategically annexed neighboring cities to ensure access to _____ World trade

• Extravagant _____ (pilgrimage) spending

Mali

Islamic

hajj

Epic of Sundjata

• ___ Empire

• Describes rise of the “____ King of Mali”

• Importance of oral ______ traditions

Mali

Lion

storytelling

Jeli (Griots)

• Storytellers, historians, advisors, entertainers, satirists

• ______ profession

  • _____ political stories

  • _____ life cycle stories

• Combined oral and written tradition

  • Kela Clan ensures ____ of the Sunjata Story tradition

Hereditary

Male

Female

purity

Impact of Growing European Influence

• New regions affected by long _____ trade (Southwestern and Southern Africa)

• Increased demand for ____ from Europeans fuels conflict further into the interior of the continent

  • Coastal empires become _____

  • Gender ______ (Europeans favor male slaves; Africans favor female slaves)

  • Solidifies slavery as an institution in Africa (19th-century Nigeria had more enslaved peoples than the United States)

• Eradication of mobile pastoral way of life in ___________

distance

slaves

wealthier

imbalance

South Africa

Fulani

• Mobile pastoral people prominent in ______ who practice Islam

• Religious clerics angry that the European slave trade had led to the ______ of Muslims

• Revolts throughout northern Africa against non-believers and unorthodox ______

West Africa

enslavement

Muslims

Usman dan Fodio

• Led a jihad in today’s Nigeria beginning in 1804, leading to a network of Islamic states in _________

• Muslim ______ vital to the Muslim revitalization movements

  • Nana Asma’u a female ____ of Islam who joined the battlefront

  • “Song of the Circular Journey” (poem written by her that inspired many to participate in the _____)

Result: ______ the religion of ruling elites and everyday people

• Previously had only been the religion of elites

North Africa

women

scholar

jihad

Islam

Mfecane 
Movements

• Political battles for ____

• British and Dutch arrival intensified ______

land

competition

Shaka (1787 – 1828) and the Zulu State

• Unified the region through brutal military ______

• Disciplined ____ of 40,000

• Absorbed conquered _____ into his state

• Resisted _____ expansion

force

army

peoples

European

How Did Europeans Stereotype the “Orient”?

• _______

• Impoverished

• Sexualized

• Cruel

• _________

• Exotic

• Mysterious

• Lacking _______

Wealthy

Oppressive

ingenuity

Orientalism and the Rise of Nationalism

16th-Century Perceptions

“… the Chinas ______ all others in populousness, in greatness of the realm, in excellence of polity and government, and in abundance of possessions and _______ …”

exceed

wealth

Orientalism and the Rise of Nationalism

18^th-Century Perceptions

“Indeed, [the Chinese people’s] principal excellency seems to be _______; and they accordingly labour under the poverty of genius, which constantly attends all servile imitators.”

imitation

Orientalism and the Bombing of Vietnam

“The Oriental does not put the same high ____ on life as does a Westerner. Life is plentiful, life is cheap in the Orient.” – General William Westmoreland

price

Consequences

• Justifies ______

• Shapes colonial ________

• Continues to shape public ________ of Asia and the Middle East to this day

colonialism

experiences

perceptions

Similar Phenomena

Occidentalism

• Sensationalization of the ____ by others

Self-Orientalism

• Romanticization of one’s own _____ using Orientalist tropes

West

culture

Mercantilism

• Wealth fixed

  • Gold/silver

  • Natural ________

• More ____ than imports

  • Trade surplus/deficit

• Supported by the military force of the state

  • _______

resources

exports

Tariffs

Capitalism

• Wealth can ____ over time

  • Goods and services

  • ________

• Comparative _______

  • Both trade partners can grow

• Free _______

grow

Productivity

advantage

market

The Silver Trade

• Most valuable global ____ from the Americas

• First ____ boom in Mexico/Peru from 1570s – 1630s

• By 1803 Mexico’s silver mines produce 67% of American silver, and were the largest source of silver in the _____

export

silver

world

Chartered Companies

• Sponsored by the ____, but operating privately

• Trade in _______

  • Tobacco

  • Sugar

• The ______ Company

state

stimulants

Virginia

The British East India Company (1600 – 1873)

• Chartered company that had main _____ in India, Liberia, Mauritania, Caribbean, and North America

• Elihu Yale, President of Ft. St. George in Madras (today’s Channai, India)

  • Removed for ______

  • Primary benefactor for Yale University

ports

self-interest

benefactor

Where is the Peabody-Essex Museum?

Salem, MA

What is in the Peabody-Essex Museum?

Global exhibitions largely comprised of materials stored by East India Company

Diversity on the Indian Subcontinent

• India: __ major languages, _ dialects

• Pakistan: _ major languages

22 & 720

6

What was the Mughal Empire?

Muslim dynasty that ruled over majority Hindu population

True or False:

The Mughal Empire did not violate the Qur’an and didn’t permit polytheistic Hindus to practice their faith

False

They did violate the Qur’an

The Mughal Empire

• Flexible approach to rule

  • Local _______

  • Taxes, conscription, and marriage alliances solidify central ______

autonomy

control

What did Akbar the Great (r. 1556 – 1605) do?

extended the reach of the Mughal dynasty across the Indian subcontinent and consolidated the empire by centralizing its administration and incorporating non-Muslims (especially the Hindu Rajputs) into the empire's fabric.

Who was Mariam Uz-Zamani?

Hindu Empress and Patron of Mosques and Gardens

The Taj Mahal was built was a tomb for…….

Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan (She was a key political advisor for her husband)

Taj Mahal

• Architectural structure common across the _____ world

  • Minarets

  • ____ designs

  • Stars and depictions of the ______

  • Calligraph

Muslim

Geometric

heavens

What were war elephants used for?

led to advanced system of wild elephant conservation

Conquest of Bengal (1757)

• India accounted for __% of world’s economic production

  • _____ most productive region

  • World’s largest ____ of textiles (bandana, calico, taffeta, gingham all Indian names)

• East India Company ____ opposing general so its soldiers would win Bengal

• Increased _____, decreased wages

  • “____________” of India

  • No response to famine

  • 1 – 10 million Bengalis dead from famine (1769)

25

Bengal

exporter

bribed

taxation

Deindustrialization

Dutch East India Company (VOC) was founded with the equivalent of ____ million in today’s money

$100

What were some things used in Ethnic Cleansing: Banda Islands?

Cloves, Nutmeg, Mace