• Unit 5: Revolutions:
  
  

TOPIC 5.1 The Enlightenment

° The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries.

Important Thinkers of the Enlightenment

Feminism

• °  The French writer Olympe de Gouges fought for women’s rights in the era of the French Revolution by writing “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen”

• °  In 1792 in England, the pioneering writer Mary Wollstonecraft published “A Vindication on the Rights of Women.” In it, she argued that females should receive the same education as males.

• °  In 1545 in Seneca Falls, New York, activists gathered to promote women’s rights and suffrage

• °  In the UK, women won the full right to vote in 1928. Rise of Zionism

• °  Zionism: the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

• °  After centuries of battling anti-Semitism, hostility toward Jews, and pogroms, many European Jews had concluded that living in peace and security was not a realistic hope.
  TOPIC 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900
  The French Revolution

• °  In France in the 1780s, revolutionary ideals took on their own spin, summarized in the slogan liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).

• °  Causes:

• °  On July 14, 1789, a crowd in Paris stormed the Bastille, a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the aristocracy. This day became known as French Independence Day.

• °  The Reign of Terror: a period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen began.

• °  After a period of turmoil and war, Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France in 1804.
  The Haitian Revolution

• °  The examples of the recent American and French revolutions led former slave Toussaint L’Ouverture to join the revolts in 1791 and then to lead a general rebellion against slavery.

• °  His army of enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.

• °  In 1801, after taking control of the territory that would become the independent country of Haiti, L’Ouverture produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents.
  Nationalism and Unification in Europe

° Italian Unification
Count di Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, led the drive to unitethe entire Italian Peninsula under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy. o Cavour adopted the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy of Giuseppe

Mazzini Cavour allied with the Red Shirts military force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which was fighting farther south in the Kingdom of Naples.

German Unification

• °  Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck, who like Cavour favored realpolitik, used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification

• °  In 1871, Bismarck founded the new German Empire, made up of many territories gained from the wars
  TOPIC 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins
  Growth of Technology

• °  The spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

• °  The water frame, patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.

• °  In 1798, inventor Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military.
  °Whitney’s system directly led to the division of labor.

• Britain’s Industrial Advantages

TOPIC 5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900

Spread of Industrialization

• °  France had sparsely populated urban centers and was dealing French Revolution. These factors delayed the Industrial Revolution in France.

• °  Once Germany unified in 1871, it became a leading producer of steel and coal.

• °  The United States began its industrial revolution in the l9th century. By 1900, the United
  States was a leading industrial force in the world.

• °  By 1900, Russia had more than 30,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and
  industrial areas.

• °  The first country in Asia to industrialize was the one that had the least contact with
  Europe since the l7th century: Japan.

• 
  Shifts in Manufacturing

• °  Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British officials’ mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British colonization in the late 17th and 18th centuries. In 1830, Britain designated ships of the British East India Company as the Indian Navy

• °  British East India Company controlled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858

• °  Steep British tariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine and work metals.

• °  As the textile industry flourished in India, it undermined the British textile mills in
  Britain, specifically in Lancaster. The owners of the Lancaster textile mills pressured the British government in India to impose an “equalizing” five percent tax on all textiles produced at more than 80 mills operating in Bombay, thus undermining their profitability.

TOPIC 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

A Second Industrial Revolution

• °  The developments of the second industrial revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

• °  The mass production of steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, became possible with the introduction of the Bessemer Process

• °  In the mid-1800s, the first commercial oil wells were drilled, tapping into a vast new resource of energy.

• °  In 1882 in London, the first public power station began production. Electrification led to street lighting and electric street trains in the 1890s.

• °  A patent for the telephone was issued to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Global Trade and Migration

• °  The construction of railroads, such as the Transcontinental Railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869, facilitated U.S. industrial growth.

• °  Industrialized countries sought to protect their access to resources and markets by establishing colonies.

• °  Whereas earlier trade and migration often centered on coastal cities, railroads, steamships, and the telegraph also opened up to exploration and development in the interior regions around the globe.
  TOPIC 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900
  Ottoman Industrialization

• °  Muhammad Ali rose to prominence, and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt.

• °  Because of his power, Ali was able to act somewhat independently of the sultan.

• °  He began by remaking the country’s military based on a European model. He also established schools, sent military officers to be educated in France, and started an official newspaper—the first in the Islamic world.

Muhammad Ali also pushed Egypt to industrialize. He had textile factories built to compete with those of the French and British.
In Cairo, he had factories built to produce armaments

In Alexandria, he set up facilities to build ships so that Egypt could have a navy.

Japan and the Meiji Restoration

• °  Between 1600 and 1854, Japan had very little contact with the rest of the world.

• °  The great powers of Europe, such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Russia, all
  wanted to sell goods in Japan

• °  In 1853, a naval squad led by Conquistadores Matthew Perry in 1853 sailed into Edo and
  Tokyo Bay, asking for trade privileges. Faced with the power of the U.S. warships, the
  Japanese gave in to U.S. demands.

• °  Soon the Japanese yielded to similar demands by other foreign states.
  Reforms by the Meiji State

• °  It formally abolished feudalism in 1868 by the Charter Oath.

• °  It established a constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model in which the
  emperor ruled through a subordinate political leader.

• °  It established equality before the law and abolished cruel punishments.

• °  It created a new school system that expanded educational opportunities,

• °  It built railroads and roads.

• °  It subsidized industrialization, particularly in the key industries of tea, silk, weaponry,
  shipbuilding. and a rice wine called sake.
  TOPIC 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age
  Effects on Business Organization

• °  New ways of organizing businesses arose during the Industrial Revolution. Some manufacturers formed giant corporations in order to minimize risk

• °  Some corporations became so powerful that they could form a monopoly, control of a specific business and elimination of all competition. In the United States, John D. Rockefeller created a monopoly in the oil industry.

• °  Despite critics’ charge that corporations undermined individual responsibility, they became a common form of business organization

° Another way to reduce risk was through insurance, especially marine insurance. Lloyd’s of London helped establish the insurance industry.

Effect on Mass Culture

• °  A culture of consumerism as well as of leisure developed among the working and middle classes of society in Great Britain and living standards rose for some.

°  Consumption needed to keep up with production, so producers began to advertise heavily, particularly to the middle class whose members