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On August 21, Nat Turner led a rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 57 white people.
Laws were introduced to restrict religious assembly and prohibit the teachings of slaves to read and write.
A large inexpensive labour force was required to make the picking and processing of cotton profitable in the South.
Slavery was important to the southern economy.
Harriet Tubman discovered a network of woodland paths in the south called the Underground Railroad.
Over 300 slaves avoided capture on their journey north to freedom.
The plan in 1850 would admit California to the Union as a free state, but the issue of slavery would be left to the citizens of New Mexico and Utah to decide, as well as a new strict Fugitive Slave Law.
The compromise postponed southern secession but would lead to discontent in the North and violence in Kansas.
In 1858, Dred Scott sued for his freedom.
The US Supreme Court declared that slaves had no rights and no claim to freedom.
On November 6 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected as president.
South Carolina issued a Declaration of Secession from the United States. 10 other states would follow South Carolina's lead.
Union forces evacuated Fort Sumter on April 4 1861.
President Lincoln requests the mobilization of 75000 additional troops. 4 additional states secede and join the confederacy.
On March 3rd 1863, President LIncoln issued the Enrollment Act of Conscription subjecting men in the North tho a mandatory and random draft.
50 000 New Yorkers rioted, looted businesses, destroyed buildings and assaulted the city's African American population.
The Battle of Gettysburg was fought on July 1-3, 1863.
51 000 combined causalities were documented and General Lee's Army would never fight again on Union soil.
On April 9, 1865 General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to General Grant.
The Confederacy was defeated within the next 2 months and would be conmpletely dissolved.
Approximately 3 million men fought in the American Civil War.
Due to the Civil War, women signed on to do jobs once filled by men.
President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862.
Now free, former slaves fled the south depriving the Confederacy of slave labour.
During the Civil War, many Confederate Soldiers took what they wanted from fields and farms.
Particularly in the South, families struggled to survive on the homefront without adequate food and vital goods.
Union occupation authorities perceived many southern towns within the Confederacy as disloyal.
During the Civil War many local governments, schools and churches were closed down.
Both Union and Confederate infantries used tactics during the Civil War that had changed little in over 100 years of warfare in spite of the introduction of new weaponry (ex. the rifle-musket).
Union and Confederate armies suffered higher than anticipated rates of casualties on the battlefield.
The Confederacy did not issue tents or coffee to its soldiers.
The illegal trade of goods (ex. coffee, tobacco) between Union and Confederate soldiers was common throughout the Civil War.
The rifle musket fired a conical shaped bullet made of soft lead.
The "minnie ball" caused horrible wounds that healed with difficulty.
During the Civil War field hospitals often became centers where mass numbers of wounded soldiers would be housed together in filthy conditions with little or no sanitation.
Of the 633 000 soldiers that died during the Civil War, the vast majority (67%) of soldiers died of disease.
During the Civil War, the many mills in the North imported material from Europe and could manufacture boots, jackets, pants and hats quickly.
Union uniforms were universally of better quality than what was available in the South.
Citizens in the western part of Virginia opposed secession and formed their own government.
With President Lincoln's approval, West Virginia officially became a state on June 20 1863.
During reconstruction, carpetbaggers (Northern Republicans) moved to the South to participate in southern governments.
In the South during Reconstruction, many new civil rights laws were passed.
The posse Comitatus Act prohibited federal authorities from having control of local enforcement agencies in the South.
After the Civil War, the enforcement of civil rights laws were left to Southern districts that violated civil rights laws and treated black people unfairly.
After 1877, the federal government stopped enforcing civil rights laws in the South.
In the South, white people in power passed "Jim Crow Laws" that required communities to practice segregation and discrimination.
Civil War soldiers were not issued "dog tags" for identification and there was no formal policy of informing families of the slain.
Families swarmed to battle sites after engagements to search for dead or wounded relatives.
After the Civil War, the US Congress passed the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution.
Former slaves were now citizens and it was illegal for any state to deny equal rights to any person.
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